Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clin for Final > Pulmonary Diseases > Flashcards

Pulmonary Diseases Flashcards

0
Q

What keeps distal air sacs open?

A

Elastic tension in alveolar walls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

How does malnutrition impact breathing ability?

A

Breakdown muscles which are used in breathing- like diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is gas exchange proportional to?

A

Directly proportional to area and indirectly proportional too thickness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some respiratory functions beyond just breathing (6)?

A

Filter/warm/humidify air, immune response, dude thesis of surfactant (prevents alveolar collapse and helps immunity), regulated acid-base balance, synthesis of arachidonic acid, conversion of angiotensin 1->2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define exacerbation.

A

Worsening of symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define oxygen saturation/desaturation.

A

Amount of oxygen dissolved in the blood (% of Hb bound with o2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define hypercapnia.

A

Excessive accumulation of CO2 in the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define dyspnea.

A

Laboured breathing or SOB.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define DOE

A

Dyspnea on exertion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define pulmonary Cachexia.

A

Malnutrition associated with advanced lung disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is respiratory failure?

A

Acute or chronic condition where pulmonary function is markedly impaired. Often requires a ventilator.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is pulmonary hypertension?

A

Pulmonary arteries that carry blood from the heart to the lungs become narrowed and raises blood pressure. Strain on the right ventricle of the heart, expands in size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

Right ventricular enlargement secondary to a lung disorder that produces pulmonary artery hypertension. Right ventricular failure (heart failure).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is pulmonary edema and what is it usually caused by?

A

Fluid accumulation in the lungs. Most often due to heart failure or direct lung injury.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What nutrition related status contributes to pulmonary edema?

A

Low visceral protein status decreased colloid osmotic pressure, allowing fluid to move into interstitial spaces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some symptoms of pulmonary edema?

A

Difficulty breathing, coughing up blood, excessive sweating, anxiety, pale skin, pink frothy sputum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the cycle of malnourishment seen in respiratory diseases?

A

Decreased lung function-> increased symptoms -> lower food intake -> malnourishment -> decreased lung function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are 5 effects of malnutrition on the pulmonary system?

A

Effects lung structure, increases infection risk, diminished oxygen carrying capacity (protein + Fe), hypoproteinemia edema effect, less surfactant (collapse alveoli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What non nutritional aspects contribute to muscle atrophy in pulmonary disease?

A

Very inactive usually, and have increased protein breakdown pathways because of the inflammation + catabolic meds used.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What determines the acidity of your blood?

A

How much oxygen and CO2 is in your blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the CO2 blood test really measure?

A

The blood bicarbonate level.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is normal blood pH?

A

7.35-7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is normal oxygen saturation?

A

96-100%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When you have an excess of CO2 what happens to the pH?

A

Acidosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the body compensate for blood acidosis?

A

Kidney increases net excretion of H+ and retains HCO3 with either NA or K.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is one cause of respiratory alkalosis?

A

Hyperventilation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the body compensate for alkalosis?

A

Kidney conserves H and excreted Na and K

27
Q

What does pulse oximetry measure?

A

O2 saturation.

28
Q

What does spirometers measure?

A

Breathe and lung function. Respiratory technician performs various function tests.

29
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Infection and inflammatory condition.

30
Q

What are some symptoms of pneumonia?

A

Cough, chest pain, fever, shortness of breathe, loss of appetite, nausea, or vomiting.

31
Q

What is aspiration pneumonia?

A

Develops as a result of the entrance of foreign material.

32
Q

What factors increase the risk for aspiration pneumonia?

A

Reduced consciousness, dysphasia, lying down/supine, GERF, decreased gastric emptying.

33
Q

What is ARDS?

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pulmonary edema impairs gas exchange leading to hypoxia- alveoli might collapse or flood.

34
Q

What 5 things characterize COPD?

A

Slow, progressive disease
Airflow limitation is not fully reversable
Can treat symptoms
Progressive inflammation and obstruction of airways.
Increasing frequency and severity of acute exacerbstions.

35
Q

What is death commonly caused by in COPD patients?

A

Acute respiratory failure, pneumonia, lung cancer, CVD, and pulmonary embolism.

36
Q

What are common symptoms of COPD?

A

Dyspnea, increased breathing rate, persistent cough with sputum production, wheezing, fatigue, morning headache.

37
Q

Define chronic bronchitis.

A

Chronic productive cough for 3 mths in each of 2 successive years with other causes of chronic productive cough excluded. Chronic swelling and irritation of bronchi resulting in increased mucus production.

38
Q

Why do we call patients with chronic bronchitis “blue bloaters”?

A

May have signs of cor pulmonale such as edema and cyanosis.

39
Q

Define emphysema.

A

Permanent abnormal enlargement of airs paved distal to terminal bronchioles. Walls become damaged and unstable, resulting in decreased ability to hold breathing tubes open during exhalation. Bronchioles tend to collapse.

40
Q

What do we call patients with emphysema “pink puffers”?

A

Work of breathing results in a pink tone. Usually have little of no cough, and May purse lips to assist breathing.

41
Q

What are some common physical signs of COPD?

A

Barrel chest, neck vein distension, peripheral edema, digital clubbing, cyanosis, loss of lean body mass.

42
Q

What is the main cause of COPD in 80-90% of cases?

A

Smoking.

43
Q

What are some common comorbidities with COPD?

A

Diabetes, cancer, CVD, osteoporosis, depression, anxiety.

44
Q

What is the sense of early satiety in COPD from?

A

Hyperinflation pressure on diaphragm, and limited oxygen supply to the GI tract.

45
Q

What are the risks of overfeeding with COPD?

A

Excess kcal and fat storage contributes to the production of CO2, which increases work of breathing. Associated with increased risk of morbidity/mortality.

46
Q

What is under feeding preferred over overfeeding for COPD patients in acute care?

A

Less CO2, less production of free radicals and cytokines, less risk of refeeding syndrome with the malnourished, and less risk of hyperglycemia

47
Q

What is a high fat diet not proven to improve the COPD condition?

A

Increases satiety and GI disturbances. Stomach doesn’t empty well and blood flow to GI poorer. Well tolerated mixed diet is best.

48
Q

What are the primary medications used for COPD?

A

Bronchodilators and glucocorticoids.

49
Q

What are some nutritional concerns with corticosteroids?

A

Short term: hypertension, hyperglycemia, weight gain, edema, hyperlipidemia
Long term: muscle wasting, protein catabolism, decreased bone density.

50
Q

What are some nutritional implications of corticosteroids?

A

Low sodium, high calcium, high vitamin D, may need diabetic and heart healthy diet.

51
Q

A patient comes in with a cough and some ascites. Their lips look slightly bluish. You see an ultrasound and x-Ray have been ordered. What do you think the doctor is looking for with these tests?

A

Ultrasound will be to look for enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart to see if the patient has cor pulmonale. The x-Ray is to look for pulmonary edema. Will be seeing if have cor pulmonale on its own, or in addition to chronic bronchitis.

52
Q

A young patient come in, complaining of coughing up pinkish sputum. They are anxious and sweaty. They mention they cracked a rib in a fall off a horse a few days ago. What could possible be happenings?

A

Pulmonary edema form direct injury to the lung.

53
Q

A patient with HIV comes in and is complaining of a fever and shortness of breathe. They mention they haven’t felt like eating for a few days. What might their diagnoses be?

A

Pneumonia.

54
Q

A friend calls you and is having a hard time breathing. She mentions someone at her work recently caught SARS. What do you recommend she does?

A

Immediately go to the hospital, life threatening.

55
Q

You visit your grandma on break. You notice she is sitting differently and seems quite flushed. What do you think she should see her doctor about?

A

Emphysema possibly.

56
Q

You see a patient who is on antibiotics and is frequently coughing a very wet sounding cough. He says he gets coughs like this for most of the year for a few years now. What might he have?

A

Chronic bronchitis.

57
Q

What is the cause of CF?

A

Purely genetics.

58
Q

What defect causes CF and what is the result?

A

The salt channel is non functional, so sodium is trapped in the cell which keeps water in the cell too. Thick and sticky mucus results.

59
Q

Why is thick mucus a problem in CF?

A

Can block the pancreas, sinuses, reproductive organs, intestines, and airways. Can also accumulate and get infected.

60
Q

What are some symptoms of CF?

A

Persistent cough, difficulty with growth, abdominal pain, bloated stomach, salty tasting skin, and clubbing of fingers.

61
Q

What do pancreatic enzymes contain and when do they need to be taken?

A

Contain lipase, protease, and amylase. Need to be taken just before eating.

62
Q

What are the predictors for non-compliance?

A

Long term, asymptomatic, and complex.

63
Q

What are some diseases often associated with CF?

A

Crohns, colitis, liver disease, CF related diabetes, and osteoporosis.

64
Q

How is CF related diabetes unique?

A

Bit of type 1+2. Pancreas is damage or body can’t use it well anymore.

65
Q

What are some common deficiencies due to malabsorption?

A

ADEK, zinc

66
Q

What are some factors that may influence food intake in CF patients?

A

Shortness of breathe, sinus problems, meds, GI problems, psychological status.

Clin for Final (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions