Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y4 SA - Cardio-Respiratory > Pulmonary Diseases > Flashcards

Pulmonary Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is dyspenoa?

A

Difficulty or laboured breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are 4 causes of dyspenoa?

A

Respiratory distress
Tachypnoea
Panting
Orthopnoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dyspnoea is triggered by …?

A

Hypoxaemia or hypercapnia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is hypoxaemia and its causes

A
  • Decreased fraction of inspired O2
  • Hypoventilation
  • Diffusion impairment
  • Right-to-left cardiovascular shunt
  • Ventilation-perfusion (VQ) inequality
  • Abnormal haemoglobin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How should you approach a dyspnoeic patient?

A
  • Remember that these patients are very fragile
  • DO NOT STRESS
  • Critical patient?
  • Can be helpful to give these patients a mild sedation
  • Decide if dyspnoea is due to cardiac or respiratory disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What questions should be asked when gathering the history of a patient with dyspnoea?

A
  • Does the animal have any history of pre-existing cardiac or respiratory disease?
  • Is there any history of trauma or toxin ingestion?
  • Has the animal been coughing or showing exercise intolerance?
  • Is there a history of syncope or seizure?
  • Has the animal been previously diagnosed with any other medical conditions?
  • Has there been a change in bark?
  • Has the animal been coughing or sneezing?
  • Has the animal been vomiting?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can the types of dyspnoea be differentiated using observation?

A

Obstructive
- Inspiratory: upper airway obstruction.
- Expiratory: bronchial narrowing
Restrictive
- Pulmonary
- Pleural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 DDx of inspiratory dyspnoea?

A
  • Laryngeal paralysis
  • Laryngeal neoplasia
  • Tracheal mass/stenosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 DDx of expiratory dyspnoea?

A

Dynamic airway collapse
Feline asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the DDx of mixed dyspnoea?

A
  • Pulmonary parenchymal disease
  • Pneumonia
  • Pulmonary oedema
  • Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • Pleural effusion
  • Pneumothorax
  • Pulmonary thromboembolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What would you assess on the clinical exam of a patient with dypnoea?

A
  • MM colour
  • Auscultate heart and lung field
  • Assess thoracic compressibility (cats)
  • Percussion
  • Effect of body position on dyspnoea?
  • Watch ribs from above (no movement in tension pneumothorax, any flail segments?)
  • Normal respiration or paradoxical?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How would you stabilise a patient with dyspnoea?

A
  • Ensuring a patent airway
  • Oxygen supplementation
  • Minimizing stress
  • Establishing vascular access
  • Initial blood testing
  • Thoracic radiographs !!!!!!
  • Drug therapy directed at the most likely aetiology of respiratory distress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is oxygen therapy delivered to a dyspnoeic patient?

A
  • Deliver oxygen without stress via cage / incubator (small patients), face mask, nasal catheter, Elizabethan collar & cling film etc.
  • Aim for 30 – 50% inspired O2
  • Avoid 100% oxygen for more than a short time (oxygen toxicity)
  • Oxygen must be humidified
  • Monitor response to oxygen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which condition is associated with dramatic lung crackles on auscultation?

A

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which laboratory diagnostic samples would you want to take from a dyspnoeic patient?

A
  • Complete blood count
  • Serum Biochemistries
  • Urinalysis
  • Serologic and other advanced testing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name the 4 initial diagnostic tests you might carry out in the dyspnoeic patient

A
  • Thoracocentesis
  • Imaging
  • Cardiac diagnostic tests
  • Respiratory diagnostic tests
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Inspiratory stridor is normally associated with …?

A

Upper airway obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pneumonia in small animals is normally associated with what condition?

A

Broncho-pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Aspiration pneumonia is associated with which 3 conditions?

A

Megaoesophagus
Laryngeal paralysis
After tie-back surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does a ventral distribution of pneumonia in the lungs suggest?

A

Suggests airway disease or aspiration as initiating factor

21
Q

Caudodorsal involvement of the lungs with pneumonia suggests?

A

Haematogenous spread

22
Q

Name some bacterial causes of infectious respiratory disease

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica
Chlamydia felis
Mycoplasma
Streptococcus equi

23
Q

Name some viral causes of infectious respiratory disease

A

Canine distemper virus
Canine adenovirus 2
Canine herpes virus
Canine parainfluenza virus 2
Canine respiratory coronavirus
Canine influenza
Feline calicivirus

24
Q

How can a pleural effusion be detcted?

A
  • Reduced percussion resonance ventrally
  • Heart sounds may be muffled
  • Breath sounds may be absent or reduced ventrally as well
25
Q

How is a pleural effusion diagnosed when strongly suspected?

A

Thoracocentesis
7 –8th intercostal space while maintaining suction
A sample can be retained for cytology, bacteriology etc. as appropriate, but once confirmed, the pleural effusion should be completely drained.

26
Q

Which antibiotics would you use for a mild bacterial pneumonia?

A

Doxycycline
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid

27
Q

How does aspiration pneumonia present on a radiograph?

A

Bronchioles can be clearly seen on x-ray
Alveoli are full of contents

28
Q

Name the heartworm of dogs

A

Angiostrongylus vasorum

29
Q

Where does Angiostrongylus vasorum reside in the body?

A

In pulmonary vessels

30
Q

What are the clinical signs of Angiostrongylus vasorum?

A

Cough
Shortness of breath
Hypoxaemia
Exercise intolerance
Can also cause coagulopathies, neurological signs etc.

31
Q

How is Angiostrongylus vasorum diagnosed?

A

Need index of suspicion – may be weird clinical signs!
Faecal Baermann’s to see larvae
Rectal swab, smeared onto slide, direct microscopy
Angio Detect (IDEXX) - snap test

32
Q

How would an Angiostrongylus infection present on a radiograph?

A

Enlargement of pulmonary arteries, but typically, there is just a patchy, pulmonary infiltrate, which is predominantly peripheral in the lung field.

33
Q

How is angiostrongylus treated?

A

Fenbendazole
Moxidectin

34
Q

When is it appropriate to FNA a lung mass?

A

Only if the mass is NEXT to chest wall (or risk pneumothorax)
Can be ultrasound guided
Obtain samples for cytology

35
Q

Where is the most frequently affected site of metastatic disease from a variety of neoplasms?

A

Lungs

36
Q

Which breed is most commonly affected by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A

West highland white terrier

37
Q

How do dogs with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis present?

A

Severely dyspnoeic
Cyanotic
Marked abdominal effort
Palpable rectus abdominus muscle hypertrophy
Widespread inspiratory crackles

38
Q

How is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treated?

A
  • Symptomatic support: nothing proven to be effective
  • General management: restrict exercise and excitement
  • Dogs will cough, have exercise intolerance, collapse
  • Bronchodilators? (especially if airway collapse or concurrent chronic bronchitis)
  • Steroids (Prednisolone)?
  • Anti-fibrotics (e.g. Colchicine)?
39
Q

Which poisoning results in severe dyspnoea?

A

Paraquat Poisoning

40
Q

Describe the effects of paraquat poisoning

A
  • Herbicide
  • Severe pneumotoxin
  • Initial alveolitis progresses to severe pulmonary fibrosis
  • Very poor / hopeless prognosis
41
Q

Pulmonary thromboembolism usually occurs secondary to..?

A

Underlying systemic diseases e.g.
IMHA
Protein losing conditions
Hyperadrenocorticism
Pancreatitis
Sepsis
DIC

42
Q

How might a pulmonary thromboembolism present?

A
  • Normally, no adventitious respiratory sounds on lung auscultation. May be a loud S2 on cardiac auscultation (due to associated pulmonary hypertension; delayed closure of pulmonic valve).
  • Radiographic findings may not be evident or are subtle
43
Q

How is pulmonary thromboembolism diagnosis confirmed?

A

Blood gas analysis

44
Q

How would you treat confirmed or suspected pulmonary thromboembolism?

A
  • Oxygen supplementation (but large V/Q (=ventilation/perfusion) mismatch).
  • Sedation / anxiolytics
  • Treat underlying disease
  • Anticoagulant treatment to prevent further episodes
45
Q

ARDS stands for?

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

46
Q

Pulmonary hypertension is linked to increases in which 3 factors?

A

Pulmonary blood flow
Pulmonary vascular resistance
Pulmonary venous pressure

47
Q

What respiratory pattern do you expect to have in a cat with asthma?

A

Expiratory dyspnoea

48
Q

What respiratory pattern do you expect to have in a dog with pneumonia?

A

Mixed inspiratory and expiratory dyspnoea

Y4 SA - Cardio-Respiratory (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions