Pulmonary Anatomy & Physio

Question 1

What is the respiratory system?

Answer 1

Organs and systems that allow you to breathe in oxygen and exhale CO2. Made up of lungs, airway (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles), diaphragm, voice box, throat, nose, and mouth

Question 2

Breathing definition

Answer 2

process of taking air into and expelling it out from the lungs

Question 3

Ventilation definition

Answer 3

movement of air through conducting passages between atmosphere and lungs

Question 4

Respiration definition

Answer 4

exchange of gases across a membrane (eg. diffusion of O2 and CO2 at alveolar- capillary interface)

Question 5

Purpose of the respiratory system

Answer 5

-maintain arterial blood gases (PaO2 and PaCO2)
-remove metabolic waste (CO2)
-olfaction
-phonation
-warm and humidify air
-air filtration
-trap and dissolve small blood clots

Question 6

At what age is the pulmonary system fully developed?

Answer 6

8 years

Question 7

At what age does surfactant production begin?

Answer 7

28 weeks gestation

Question 8

A respiratory infection poses___ risk to a typically developing, healthy neonate as to a typically developed, healthy adult.

Answer 8

A greater

Question 9

Most causes of cardiac arrest in young children or infants are caused by ___. When performing CPR on an infant or child, its ok to do compression only CPR to avoid the risk of shared droplets. (T or F)

Answer 9

Respiratory failure, false

Question 10

What structures comprise the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 10

Nose, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx

Question 11

What structures comprise the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 11

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

Question 12

What is the purpose of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 12

air conduction, olfaction, phonation, trap and remove foreign/inhaled particles, warm and humidify air

Question 13

What is the purpose of the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 13

air conduction, trap and remove foreign/inhaled particles, warm and humidify air, gas exchange

Question 14

It is more common to aspirate into the right lung than the left lung

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Why does the trachea have cartilaginous rings?

Answer 15

help prevent collapse, not much change in size when breathing

Question 16

What does the trachea split into?

Answer 16

-right and left main bronchi
-left main bronchus has a more acute angle than the right main bronchus

Question 17

What is behind the manubrium referred as?

Answer 17

carina

Question 18

Air conducting division

Answer 18

-generation 0-16
-“ventilatory pump”
-nasal cavity –> bronchioles
-conducts air: gets it where it needs to be
-conditions air: warms and humidifies; cleans debris

Question 19

What are the divisions of the respiratory system.

Answer 19

-Air conducting division
-Respiratory division

Question 20

Respiratory division

Answer 20

-generation 17-23
-respiratory bronchioles–>alveoli

Question 21

Factors that influence air conditioning

Answer 21

-Ventilation rate: faster ventilation makes it harder to distribute air
-water content and temperature: drier air is harder to humidify, colder air will take longer to warm
-filtration: mucous coat traps particulates, ciliary action helps to remove particulates to where they can be coughed, swallowed, or spat out; goblet cells excrete mucus that sit on top of cilia

Question 22

What generation is air fully conditioned by?

Answer 22

12th generation (takes longer in cold air)

Question 23

Bronchial generation changes beyond 12th?

Answer 23

-no cartilage, mucous cells, or cilia
-increase in elastic fibers
-smooth muscle ends at level of respiratory bronchioles (17th generation)

Question 24

What is the purpose of alveolar macrophages?

Answer 24

-they are the final pulmonary defense
-the cells roam the alveoli, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sac and can help rid the respiratory division of foreign matter and bacteria that was not cleared earlier macrophages kill engulfed bacteria or transport engulfed foreign matter to lymphatic system or terminal bronchioles for removal

Question 25

How many cells thick is the alveoli?

Answer 25

a single cell thick to allow for gas exchange

Question 26

How many lobes in the left and right lung?

Answer 26

Left: 2 lobes and lingula
Right: 3 lobes

Question 27

Fissures in left and right lung

Answer 27

Left: oblique fissure
Right horizontal and oblique

Question 28

Second rib location (anteriorly)

Answer 28

start at sternal notch, slide down to sternal angle and move laterally

Question 29

Fourth rib is equal to what fissure (anteriorly)

Answer 29

horizontal

Question 30

Upper lobes location (anteriorly and posteriorly)

Answer 30

4TH rib up to about and inch above 1st rib

Question 31

What rib does oblique fissure on right and left end? (anteriorly)

Answer 31

6th

Question 32

Between what ribs is middle lobe located? (anteriorly)

Answer 32

4-6 (nipple line on men)

Question 33

What fissure is at rib 4 posteriorly?

Answer 33

oblique

Question 33

What is located between ribs 6-8?

Answer 33

lower lobe (mostly lateral and posterior- not a lot anteriorly)

Question 34

Is middle lobe posterior?

Answer 34

No, anterior and a little horizontal

Question 35

Location of lower lobe posteriorly

Answer 35

below rib 4 to about 10

Question 36

Lower lobes

Answer 36

LAMPS: lateral, anterior, medial, posterior, superior

ALPS: anterior, lateral, posterior, superior

Question 37

Above what generation can we cough up mucus?

Answer 37

7th generation and up

Question 38

Visceral and parietal pleura

Answer 38

-Visceral (inside, against lungs)
-parietal (outside, against chest wall and diaphragm); innervated by intercostal nerves, pleura at top of diaphragm is innervated by phrenic nerve
-Pleura allows lings to expand in a frictionless surface

Question 39

Which vessels carry oxygenated blood?

Answer 39

pulmonary veins and bronchial arteries