Pulmonary Anatomy & Physio Flashcards
Part I & II: Week 1
What is the respiratory system?
Organs and systems that allow you to breathe in oxygen and exhale CO2. Made up of lungs, airway (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles), diaphragm, voice box, throat, nose, and mouth
Breathing definition
process of taking air into and expelling it out from the lungs
Ventilation definition
movement of air through conducting passages between atmosphere and lungs
Respiration definition
exchange of gases across a membrane (eg. diffusion of O2 and CO2 at alveolar- capillary interface)
Purpose of the respiratory system
-maintain arterial blood gases (PaO2 and PaCO2)
-remove metabolic waste (CO2)
-olfaction
-phonation
-warm and humidify air
-air filtration
-trap and dissolve small blood clots
At what age is the pulmonary system fully developed?
8 years
At what age does surfactant production begin?
28 weeks gestation
A respiratory infection poses___ risk to a typically developing, healthy neonate as to a typically developed, healthy adult.
A greater
Most causes of cardiac arrest in young children or infants are caused by ___. When performing CPR on an infant or child, its ok to do compression only CPR to avoid the risk of shared droplets. (T or F)
Respiratory failure, false
What structures comprise the upper respiratory tract?
Nose, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx
What structures comprise the lower respiratory tract?
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
What is the purpose of the upper respiratory tract?
air conduction, olfaction, phonation, trap and remove foreign/inhaled particles, warm and humidify air
What is the purpose of the lower respiratory tract?
air conduction, trap and remove foreign/inhaled particles, warm and humidify air, gas exchange
It is more common to aspirate into the right lung than the left lung
True
Why does the trachea have cartilaginous rings?
help prevent collapse, not much change in size when breathing
What does the trachea split into?
-right and left main bronchi
-left main bronchus has a more acute angle than the right main bronchus
What is behind the manubrium referred as?
carina
Air conducting division
-generation 0-16
-“ventilatory pump”
-nasal cavity –> bronchioles
-conducts air: gets it where it needs to be
-conditions air: warms and humidifies; cleans debris
What are the divisions of the respiratory system.
-Air conducting division
-Respiratory division
Respiratory division
-generation 17-23
-respiratory bronchioles–>alveoli
Factors that influence air conditioning
-Ventilation rate: faster ventilation makes it harder to distribute air
-water content and temperature: drier air is harder to humidify, colder air will take longer to warm
-filtration: mucous coat traps particulates, ciliary action helps to remove particulates to where they can be coughed, swallowed, or spat out; goblet cells excrete mucus that sit on top of cilia
What generation is air fully conditioned by?
12th generation (takes longer in cold air)
Bronchial generation changes beyond 12th?
-no cartilage, mucous cells, or cilia
-increase in elastic fibers
-smooth muscle ends at level of respiratory bronchioles (17th generation)
What is the purpose of alveolar macrophages?
-they are the final pulmonary defense
-the cells roam the alveoli, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sac and can help rid the respiratory division of foreign matter and bacteria that was not cleared earlier macrophages kill engulfed bacteria or transport engulfed foreign matter to lymphatic system or terminal bronchioles for removal
