Pulmonary Flashcards
Describe Kartagener’s Syndrome
- primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
- Dysfunction of microtublues
Causes: Sinusitis, Bronchiectasis, Situs Inversus, Male Infertility
Describe ABPA
- Background of asthma or cystic fibrosis
- Increased IgE on serum testing
- positive skin test
- thick mucus plugs in bronchi (fungal hyphae)
What pathogens are involved in cystic fibrosis?
Pseudomona Aeruginosa, Staph aureus, H flu, and burkholderia cepacia: in that order
Describe Neonatal RDS
- layer of hyaline proteinaceous material in the peripheral airspaces of infants who have the condition
- ground glass CXR
- more common in males, maternal diabetes, and C-section
- caused by lack of surfactant
What is Sarcoidosis?
Systemic disease manifesting as non-caseating granulomata
What is the clinical presentation of Sarcoidosis?
Incidental Abnormal Radiograph or Dyspnea
What is seen histologically in Sarcoidosis?
- Asteroid Body
- Schauman bodies
What are some common factors associated with Sarcoidosis?
- less than 40 years of age
- African Americans
- Elevated ACE
- commonly involves lungs
Small wedge-shaped infarcts can be caused by…
Peripheral Pulmonary Embolus
What are some characteristics of Pneumonia caused by Strep Pneumo?
- Most common cause of CAP
- Lancet shaped GRAM POSITIVE diplococci
- vaccination recommended for infants, oldies, and smokers
What are some characteristics of Pneumonia caused by H. flu
- Virulent pneumonia in children
- Recommended vaccination for type B for children 5 years or younger
What are some characteristics of Pneumonia caused by Staph aureus?
- Abscess formation
- IV drug users
What are some characteristics of Pneumonia caused b y Klebsiella?
- Seen in alcoholics
- Currant Jelly Sputum
What are some characteristics of Pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa?
- common in Cystic Fibrosis patients
- Copper rust stain
“walking” pneumonia has what features?
-slower onset, systemic symptoms, patchy infiltrates,
mostly in kids-older teens
What is Antigenic Drift?
- Epidemics
- Minor changes to proteins on the virus, allowing increased spread
- Similar enough to the original virus to allow for some immunity in many individuals
What is Antigenic Shift?
- Pandemics
- Genomic alterations with major resulting changes to protein structure
- Naive immunity for almost all people
What is the presentation of bacterial pneumonia?
Sudden onset, high fever, crackles on lung exam, consolidated or lobar CXR
What is the presentation of viral pneumonia?
Gradual onset, Epidemics are common, Wheezes on lung exam, diffuse infiltrate CXR
What are some features of coccidiodes?
- Endemic in Southwest US and Mexico
- Granulomatous response with eosinophils
- Subclinical, self-limited
- Can produce disseminated infection
What is momst likely to infect a patient who has received a lung-transplant?
CMV, Legionella, Zygomycosis
Small Cell Carcinoma can cause which paraneoplastic syndromes? How does that affect ion concentrations?
Can cause SIADH, causing hyponatremia (low serum Na)
Can also cause Cushing Syndrome
Squamous Cell Carcinoma can cause which paraneoplastic syndrome? How does that affect ion concentration?
Hypercalcemia due to release of PTHrP, increased calcium levels
What is exudate?
Caused by inflammation due to infection, pulmonary embolus, connective tissue disease, adjacent disease. Can be malignant.
Yellow goop
What is transudate?
Caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, “overflow” of liquid. Seen in heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis.
Clear Liquid
Trauma to the chest wall can cause
Tension Pneumothorax
Air goes into the pleural space but not out. Chest wall expands but lung deflates
Describe Granulomatous Polyangiitis
- Affects middle aged adults
- Can affect nasal passages and sinuses (ulceration, necrosis, and perforation of the septum)
- Can also affect lungs and kidney
- Classic “necrobiotic” necrosis (blue)
In regards to thryglossal duct cysts, what are their compositions based on location?
Base of tongue = stratified squamous
Lower locations = Pseudostratified columnar
