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Physiology III > Pulmonary > Flashcards

Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cells line the trachea?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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2
Q

Where is the uvula located?

A

within the nasopharynx

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3
Q

Where is the glottis located?

A

Within the larynx

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4
Q

What type of cells line the bronchi?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, same that line the trachea

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5
Q

What makes up the tracheobronchial tree?

A

alveolar ducts and alveoli

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6
Q

What muscles are responsible for inspiration?

A

diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, sternomastoids, serratus anterior muscles, scalene muscles

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7
Q

What muscles are responsible for forceful expiration?

A

abdominal muscles and internal intercostals.

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8
Q

What muscle initiates inspiration by lifting upward on the sternum?

A

sternomastoids

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9
Q

What muscles cause inspiration by lifting on most of the ribs?

A 
Serratus anterior muscles(most ribs)
scalene ribs (first two ribs)
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10
Q

True or False. Expiration is passive at rest.

A

True

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11
Q

What is the name of the volume of air that is inspired or expired with each breath at rest?

A

tidal volume

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12
Q

What is the name of the volume of air that can be inspired in addition to tidal volume with forceful inspiration?

A

inspiratory reserve volume

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13
Q

What is the name of the volume of air that can be expired at the end of tidal volume by forceful expiration?

A

Expiratory reserve volume

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14
Q

What is the name of the volume of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration?

A

residual volume

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15
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The sum of all the volumes that can be inspired or exhaled at max. Expiratory reserve volume +tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

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16
Q

What is the average vital capacity of a healthy individual?

A

4600 mL

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17
Q

What is the average expiratory reserve volume of a healthy individual?

A

1100mL

18
Q

What is the average residual volume of a healthy individual?

A

1200mL

19
Q

What is the average tidal volume in a healthy individual?

A

500mL

20
Q

What is the average inspiratory reserve volume of a healthy individual?

A

3000mL

21
Q

What is the relationship between lung capacities and lung volumes?

A

Lung capacity is the max volume of gas the lungs can hold. The lung capacity is made up of nonoverlapping subcompartments referred to as lung volumes. The combinations of lung volumes form lung capacities

22
Q

What is the minute ventilation and how is it calculated?

A

Total volume of gases moved into or out of the lungs per minute.
(Breaths per minute) x (tidal volume)

16breaths/min x 500mL /breath = 8000mL/min

23
Q

What is alveolar ventilation and how do you calculate it?

A

Total volume of gases that enter spaces participating in gas exchange per minute.
(breaths per minute) x ( tidal volume-dead space)
16 breaths/minute x (500ml/breath -150 ml/breath) = 5600 mL/min

24
Q

What is the average volume of dead space per breath?

A

150 mL/breath

25
Q

What is the difference between anatomical dead space and physiological dead space?

A

anatomical dead space is where gas exchange does not occur because of their anatomical function (example: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles). The phsyiological dead space is the anatomic dead space + ventilated alveoli with poor or absent perfusion.
average dead space is 150mL/breath or .15 liters

26
Q

What is visceral pleura?

A

The layer that covers the surface of the lungs

27
Q

What is the peripheral pleura?

A

The surface lining the pulmonary cavity

28
Q

What is pleural pressure?

A

Pressure of the fluid between parietal pleura and the visceral pleura

29
Q

What is the alveolar pressure?

A

Pressure of the air inside the alveoli

30
Q

What is the transpulmonary pressure?

A

difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure

31
Q

As lung volume increases during inspiration, what is the effect on the pleural, alveolar pressure, and transpulmonary pressure?

A

The pleural pressure becomes more negative while the alveolar pressure drops below atmospheric pressure increasing the transpulmonary pressure. This creates a suction pulling air into the lungs

32
Q

What is compliance of the lungs?

A

The extent (volume) to which lungs will expand for each unit increase in the transpulmonary pressure.

33
Q

What is the equation for calculating the compliance of the lungs?

A

increase in volume/increase in pressure

or

because distensibility = Vinc/ P inc x Vorig
distensibility x Voriginal = V inc/Pinc

34
Q

What two factors determine the curve of the compliance diagram of the lungs?

A

The elastic forces of lung tissue

surface tension within the alveoli

35
Q

What happens to the compliance diagram when surfactant is replaced with saline?

A

The saline-filled lungs will inflate with too much ease diminishing the air-fluid interface. On the diagram the curves of inspiration and expiration are very similar and very little change in pleural pressure.

36
Q

What is the difference between elastance and compliance?

A

Compliance is the volume change resulting form the application of a unit pressure differential between the inside and outside of the viscus.
Elastance is a measure of the tendency of a hollow viscus to recoil toward its original dimensions upon removal of a distending or collapsing force.

37
Q

What effect does increasing surface tension have on the alveoli?

A

Increasing surface tension will attempt to collapse the alveoli

38
Q

What are the most important components of surfactant?

A

dipalmitoylphophatidylcholin (a phospholipid)
calcium ions
surfactant apoproteins

39
Q

What type of cells produce surfactant?

A

Type II alveolar cells

40
Q

What is the average pressure of surface tension of the average sized alveolus?

A

4 cm of water pressure (3mmHg)

41
Q

The average pressure of surface tension in an average sized alveolus is 4 cm of water or 3 mmHg. What effect would the lack of surfactant have on the pressure?

A

Without surfactant the pressure would increase to 18cm of water pressure; about 4.5 times as great.

42
Q

What is the carina? and where is it located?

A

cartilaginous ring within the trachea between the two primary bronchi at the site of the tracheal bifurcation. The mucosa of this area is most sensitive of the trachea and larynx for triggering the cough reflex.

Physiology III (4 decks)

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