Pulmonary

Question 1

What type of cells line the trachea?

Answer 1

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 2

Where is the uvula located?

Answer 2

within the nasopharynx

Question 3

Where is the glottis located?

Answer 3

Within the larynx

Question 4

What type of cells line the bronchi?

Answer 4

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, same that line the trachea

Question 5

What makes up the tracheobronchial tree?

Answer 5

alveolar ducts and alveoli

Question 6

What muscles are responsible for inspiration?

Answer 6

diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, sternomastoids, serratus anterior muscles, scalene muscles

Question 7

What muscles are responsible for forceful expiration?

Answer 7

abdominal muscles and internal intercostals.

Question 8

What muscle initiates inspiration by lifting upward on the sternum?

Answer 8

sternomastoids

Question 9

What muscles cause inspiration by lifting on most of the ribs?

Answer 9

Serratus anterior muscles(most ribs)
scalene ribs (first two ribs)

Question 10

True or False. Expiration is passive at rest.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What is the name of the volume of air that is inspired or expired with each breath at rest?

Answer 11

tidal volume

Question 12

What is the name of the volume of air that can be inspired in addition to tidal volume with forceful inspiration?

Answer 12

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 13

What is the name of the volume of air that can be expired at the end of tidal volume by forceful expiration?

Answer 13

Expiratory reserve volume

Question 14

What is the name of the volume of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration?

Answer 14

residual volume

Question 15

What is vital capacity?

Answer 15

The sum of all the volumes that can be inspired or exhaled at max. Expiratory reserve volume +tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Question 16

What is the average vital capacity of a healthy individual?

Answer 16

4600 mL

Question 17

What is the average expiratory reserve volume of a healthy individual?

Answer 17

1100mL

Question 18

What is the average residual volume of a healthy individual?

Answer 18

1200mL

Question 19

What is the average tidal volume in a healthy individual?

Answer 19

500mL

Question 20

What is the average inspiratory reserve volume of a healthy individual?

Answer 20

3000mL

Question 21

What is the relationship between lung capacities and lung volumes?

Answer 21

Lung capacity is the max volume of gas the lungs can hold. The lung capacity is made up of nonoverlapping subcompartments referred to as lung volumes. The combinations of lung volumes form lung capacities

Question 22

What is the minute ventilation and how is it calculated?

Answer 22

Total volume of gases moved into or out of the lungs per minute.
(Breaths per minute) x (tidal volume)

16breaths/min x 500mL /breath = 8000mL/min

Question 23

What is alveolar ventilation and how do you calculate it?

Answer 23

Total volume of gases that enter spaces participating in gas exchange per minute.
(breaths per minute) x ( tidal volume-dead space)
16 breaths/minute x (500ml/breath -150 ml/breath) = 5600 mL/min

Question 24

What is the average volume of dead space per breath?

Answer 24

150 mL/breath

Question 25

What is the difference between anatomical dead space and physiological dead space?

Answer 25

anatomical dead space is where gas exchange does not occur because of their anatomical function (example: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles). The phsyiological dead space is the anatomic dead space + ventilated alveoli with poor or absent perfusion. average dead space is 150mL/breath or .15 liters

Question 26

What is visceral pleura?

Answer 26

The layer that covers the surface of the lungs

Question 27

What is the peripheral pleura?

Answer 27

The surface lining the pulmonary cavity

Question 28

What is pleural pressure?

Answer 28

Pressure of the fluid between parietal pleura and the visceral pleura

Question 29

What is the alveolar pressure?

Answer 29

Pressure of the air inside the alveoli

Question 30

What is the transpulmonary pressure?

Answer 30

difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure

Question 31

As lung volume increases during inspiration, what is the effect on the pleural, alveolar pressure, and transpulmonary pressure?

Answer 31

The pleural pressure becomes more negative while the alveolar pressure drops below atmospheric pressure increasing the transpulmonary pressure. This creates a suction pulling air into the lungs

Question 32

What is compliance of the lungs?

Answer 32

The extent (volume) to which lungs will expand for each unit increase in the transpulmonary pressure.

Question 33

What is the equation for calculating the compliance of the lungs?

Answer 33

increase in volume/increase in pressure or because distensibility = Vinc/ P inc x Vorig distensibility x Voriginal = V inc/Pinc

Question 34

What two factors determine the curve of the compliance diagram of the lungs?

Answer 34

The elastic forces of lung tissue | surface tension within the alveoli

Question 35

What happens to the compliance diagram when surfactant is replaced with saline?

Answer 35

The saline-filled lungs will inflate with too much ease diminishing the air-fluid interface. On the diagram the curves of inspiration and expiration are very similar and very little change in pleural pressure.

Question 36

What is the difference between elastance and compliance?

Answer 36

Compliance is the volume change resulting form the application of a unit pressure differential between the inside and outside of the viscus. Elastance is a measure of the tendency of a hollow viscus to recoil toward its original dimensions upon removal of a distending or collapsing force.

Question 37

What effect does increasing surface tension have on the alveoli?

Answer 37

Increasing surface tension will attempt to collapse the alveoli

Question 38

What are the most important components of surfactant?

Answer 38

dipalmitoylphophatidylcholin (a phospholipid) calcium ions surfactant apoproteins

Question 39

What type of cells produce surfactant?

Answer 39

Type II alveolar cells

Question 40

What is the average pressure of surface tension of the average sized alveolus?

Answer 40

4 cm of water pressure (3mmHg)

Question 41

The average pressure of surface tension in an average sized alveolus is 4 cm of water or 3 mmHg. What effect would the lack of surfactant have on the pressure?

Answer 41

Without surfactant the pressure would increase to 18cm of water pressure; about 4.5 times as great.

Question 42

What is the carina? and where is it located?

Answer 42

cartilaginous ring within the trachea between the two primary bronchi at the site of the tracheal bifurcation. The mucosa of this area is most sensitive of the trachea and larynx for triggering the cough reflex.