pulmonary Flashcards
what part of the brain controls the resp system?
pons in brainstem
what makes bronchioles so important/different?
only pipes capable of bronchodilation/constriction
fun of turbinates
warm, humidify air
structures of upper resp tract
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
structures of lower resp tract
trachea
primary bronchi
lungs
3 fxns of respiratory mucosa
- protection
- immune support
- lubricant
what is the immune fxn of the resp mucosa
mechanically capture debris
presence of “mucins” (proteoglycans)
bacteria interface
significance & fxn of hyoid bone
free floating
protects voice box
the triangle cartilage below the thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
fxn of alveoli
increase surface area for gas exchange
emphysema
decreased surface area for gas exchange
difference between L and R bronchi
L= more horizontal R= longer and lateral
most common site of aspiration
R bronchus
lobes in Left lung
2
lobes in Right lung
3
pericardium
3 layers of membrane around heart
pleura
2 layers of membrane around lungs
peritoneum
2 layers of membrane around abdominal cavity/organs
parietal pleura
outermost sac around lungs
visceral pleura
innermost sac around lungs
intrapleural cavity
negative pressure, like a vacuum
pneumothorax
collapsed lung (sac) d/t increase pressure Intrapleural pressure>alveolar pressure
muscles of inspiration (2)
Primary: diaphragm
Secondary: external intercostals
what does the diaphragm do for inspiration
contracts to increase volume,
causes air to flow in
muscles of forces expiration (2)
primary: rectus abdominus
secondary: internal intercostals
elastic properties of the lung and chest wall
elastic recoil
compliance
relationship b/t gas pressure & volume
inverse
increase volume=decrease pressure
decrease volume=increase pressure
pressures in inspiration
atmospheric pressure(PB)>(PA)alveolar pressure causing air to flow in
pressures in expiration
atmospheric pressure (PB)
4 steps of ventilation
- ventilation- move air
- diffusion- alveoli to blood
- perfusion-delivery of O2&glucose rich blood
- diffusion- O2 from systemic capillaries into cells
perfusion
qualitative
delivery of oxygen and glucose rich blood (good blood)
2 centers of Pons
- apneustic center
2. pneumotaxic center
apneustic center
stimulates neurons to promote inspiration via external intercostals and the diaphragm
pneumotaxic center
stimulated neurons to promote expiration via the internal intercostals and rectus abdominis
fxn of chemoreceptors
detect CO2 levels
if CO2 is high, then O2 must be low
NOT O2!!!
central chemoreceptors
located in medulla
peripheral chemoreceptors
located in the aorta&carotid bodies
if CO2 is high
then O2 must be low
symp NS stimulates increased RR
ventilation
mechanical movement of gas or air into and out of the lungs
Type I alveolar cells
build/form physical membrane of alveoli
Type II alveolar cells
produce surfactant
dust cell
macrophage of lungs
aveolocapillary membrane
formed by the shared alveolar and capillary walls
ventilation-perfusion ratio
VQ
moving O2 rich blood
hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
- caused by low alveolar PO2
- blood is shunted to other, well- ventilated portions of the lungs
pathologic shunting
cause/effect
if hypoxia affects all segments of the lungs, the vasoconstriction can result in pulmonary hypertension
acidemia
increased CO2
causes pulmonary artery constriction
dyspnea
uncomfortable breathing
orthopnea
dyspnea d/t change in pt posture
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
painful breathing while sleeping commonly associated with left ventricular heart failure
cause of Kussmaul respirations
acedemia
why does Kussmaul present tachypnea
to get rid of CO2 b/c of academic blood
Cheyne-Stokes
lip breathing, not always but usually near death
hypercapnia
high CO2
hypocapnia
low CO2
hemoptysis
bloody sputum
