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Physiology > Pulmonary > Flashcards

Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Dead Space (and the generations which make it up)

A

Conducting airways.

Generations 1-16

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2
Q

Vd

A

Volume of anatomical dead space

150mL

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3
Q

Transition zone

A

transitioning from conducting to respiratory

generations 17-19

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4
Q

Volume of lung which participates in gas exchange

A

2500mL

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5
Q

What type of cells produce surfactant?

A

Alveolar type II

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6
Q

Important Connections for Interdependence of bronchioles

A

Channels of Martin (interbronchial)
Channel of Lambert (bronchiole-alveoli)
Pores of Kohn (interalveolar –> collateral ventilation)

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7
Q

Vt

A

Tidal Volume

Change in volume during normal breathing

500mL

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8
Q

IRV

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Volume which can be inhaled on top of Vt

3000mL

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9
Q

ERV

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Volume which can be exhaled beyond Vt

1200mL

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10
Q

RV

A

Residual Volume

Volume that remains in lung even after forced expiration

1200mL

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11
Q

IC

A

Inspiratory Capacity

Total you can inspire

IC= IRV +Vt= 3500mL

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12
Q

FRC

A

Functional Residual Capacity

Volume of air in lungs when all respiratory muscles are relaxed.

FRC=ERV + RV =2400mL

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13
Q

VC

A

Vital Capacity

Max air which can be moved from deep expiration to deep inspiration.

VC= IRV + Vt +ERV= 4700mL

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14
Q

TLC

A

Tung Lung Capacity

Total volume of air held by the lungs

TLC= IRV + Vt + ERV + RV = 5900mL

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15
Q

What method can measure FRC?

A

Helium dilution

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16
Q

FEV1/FVC

A

Amount of air you can push out in 1 sec/ total amount of air you can push out

should 75-80%

17
Q

Volume of respiratory region (non-dead space)

A

2.5-3L

18
Q

Methods which can measure RV

A
  • Helium dilution

- Body plethysmography

19
Q

3 flow types and the generations they’re associated with.

A

Turbulent: Generations 0-9

Laminar: Generations 10-16

Diffusive: Generations 17-23 (occurs continuously and independent of respiratory cycle)

20
Q

Elastic work is proportional to…

Non-elastic work is proportional to…

A

Elastic –> Tidal Volume

Non-elastic (restriction-based) –> Frequency of Breathing

21
Q

4 Causes for Hypoxemia

A

(1) Hypoventilation (no change in AaDO2)
(2) Diffusion Limitation (thickness, reduced area, etc.)
(3) Shunt (no change from increased O2)
(4) V/Q inequality

22
Q

Hypoxia vs Hypoxemia

A
  • Hypoxia- deprivation of the body or specific organs due to mismatch in oxygen supply and tissue demands
  • Hypoxemia- when oxygen concentration in arterial blood is too low

◦PaO2 less than 80 mmHg

◦Signs visible less than 60 mmHg

23
Q

Diving Response

A
  • Initial Hypertension
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Bradycardia (vagally induced)
  • Splenic contraction
24
Q

Hypoxic Loss of Conciousness

A

20-25mmHg

25
Q

Calculating Physiological Dead Space

A

Vd/Vt = (PaCO2- PeCO2)/PaCO2

(what could be expired - what is expired)/what could expired

Normal ratio: .2-.35

Vt: in place to normalize physiological dead space for a given tidal volume

26
Q

Fick’s Law

A

The amount of gas transferred is proportional to the area (A), and difference in partial pressure

27
Q

Graham’s Law

A

Describes the factors which aid diffusion; tells us CO2 diffuses 22x better than O2

28
Q

Hypoxic Vasoconstriction

A

When a part of the lung has low ALVEOLAR PO2, blood is shifted from hypoxic areas to well-perfused areas (so as to not waste blood where it won’t be ventilated)

29
Q

Causes of AaDO2

A
  • V/Q inequality
  • Anatomic shunt
  • Thebesian vessels
  • Bronchial/Pulmonary veins
30
Q

Henry’s Law

A

The concentration of a solute gas in a solution is directly proportional to partial pressure of that gas above the solution.

C= kH (P)= concentration is solution= dissolving constant (pressure)

31
Q

Function of CO

A

In the presence of small amounts of CO, affinity for O2 is greatly enhanced and unloading is prevented (hence suffocation).

32
Q

Chloride Shift

A

When intracellular [H+] and [HCO3-] increase in erythrocytes, HCO3- diffuses out and Cl- in, to maintain electrical neutrality

33
Q

Haldane effect

A

The presence of O2 decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for CO2 and assists in the unloading of CO2 from the blood to the alveolar spaces

34
Q

4 Major Types of Tissue Hypoxia

A

HYPOXIC HYPOXIA (decreased PaO2 leading to leading to insufficient O2 delivery to tissues)

CIRCULATORY HYPOXIA (reduced blood flow to tissues)

ANEMIC HYPOXIA (inability to carry sufficient oxygen)

HISTOTOXIC HYPOXIA (inability to utilize oxygen– poisoning)

Physiology (12 decks)

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