Pulmonary Flashcards
what is the primary function of the respiratory system?
gas exchange
what to the lungs enable the body to do?
obtain adequate oxygen to meet cellular metabolic demands
and
remove carbon dioxide produced
healthy _ _ & _ are necessary to supply oxygen and nutrients to all tissues
nerves, blood and lymph
what do the lungs do to already inspired air?
warm, filter and humidify
what is the respiratory centre?
what it involves, where its located & what it does
involves: structures that generate rhythmic respiratory movements and reflexes
Located: medulla and pons
Does: electrical impulses are generated here and are carried by phrenic nerves to the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles
airways have 12 types of _
epithelial cells
most epithelial cells that line the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles have _
cilia
the epithelial surface of alveoli contain _
macrophages
what do macrophages do?
through phagocytosis, the macrophages engluf inert materials and microorganisms and digest them
what is surfactant?
- secreted from alveolar cells
it maintains the stability of pulmonary tissue by decreasing surface tension of fluids that coat the lung
what are the metabolic functions of the lungs?
1. help regulate acid base balance
- body pH is partially maintained by proper balance of CO2 and O2
2. synthesize arachidonic acid (AA)
- that may be converted to prostaglandins or leukotrienes
- these play a role in bronchoconstriction seen in asthma
3. converts angtiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
- done by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), found mainly in the capillary beds of the lungs
4. can function as a chemical filter
5. protect systemic circulation
- from exposure to high levels of circulating vasoactive substances
malnutrition and the pulmonary system
malnutrition adversely affects
- lung structure, elasticity and function
- respiratory muscle mass, strength and endurance
- the lungs immune defense mechanisms
- control of breathing
what is the effects of a pulmonary diagnosis on nutrition status?
- substantially increase energy requirements
- malnutrition-related impaired immunity increases risk for developing respiratory infections
- hospitalized pts
- lengthy stays
- susceptible to increased morbidity and mortality
Complications of pulmonary dx and their tx can negatively impact:
_
_
- Food intake
- digestion
Absorption & metabolism of most nutrients are affected
what symptoms are often present in pts with pulmonary diagnosis?
- Abnormal production of mucus
- Vomiting
- Tachypnea (rapid and shallow breathing)
- Hemoptysis (spitting up blood)
- Thoracic pain
- Nasal polyps
- Anemia
- Depression
- Altered taste (medication-related)
pulmonary diagnosis often persists in increased energy expenditure related to:
- increased work of breating
- chronic infection
- medical treatments
pulmonary diagnosis often causes reduced intake related to:
- fluid restriction
- shortness of breath
- decreased oxygen saturation while eatings
- anorexia of chronic disease
- GI distress and vomiting
in regard to pulmonary diagnosis there can also be additional limitations related to:
- fatigue-related difficulty with meal prep
- lack of financial resources
- impaired feeding skills (for infants and kids)
- altered metabolism
- food drug interaction
Primary vs secondary pulmonary disorders
primary:
- TB, asthma, lung cancer
Secondary
- associated with CVD, obesity, HIV, sickle cell or scoliosis
acute vs chronic pulmonary disorder
acute:
- airway obstruction, anaphylactic allergy, aspiration pneumonia
chronic:
- CF, COPD
describe how you would assess a pt for pulmonary dx
- obtain history with a focus on:
- smoking, inhalation of toxins, and any other relevant exposure - percussion and auscultation
- imaging procedures, arterial blood gases, sputum cultures and biopsies
- signs and symptoms to look for:
- cough
- dyspnea
- fatigue
- early satiety
- sputum production
- chest discomfort
- weight loss
what are pulmonary function tests and what different types are there?
PFTs are used to diagnose or monitor the status of lung dx
- Designed to measure the respiratory system’s ability to exchange O2 and CO2
Pulse oximetry
- uses light waves to measure O2 saturation of arterial blood
Spirometry
- breathing into a spirometer that gives information on:
- - Lung volume & rate at which air can be inhaled & exhaled
what is CF?
Life-threatening autosomal recessive inherited disorder
what is CF caused by?
mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein
CFTR PROTEIN MUTATIONS