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Lab tests > Pulmonary > Flashcards

Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q 
Pulmonary Embolism
Describe: 
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Treatment: 
Complications:

DADACOS

A

Describe: A blockage in one or more of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. A blockage is caused by a clot that has travelled from the legs.
S+S: Dyspnea, Angina, cough containing bloody sputum, arrhtymia, dizziness, sweating, fever, oedema, clammy, cyanosis
Caused by: When a clot travels up from the leg and gets lodged in the pulmonary arteries. MC a DVT. If the lungs are starved of oxygen long enough they can die (Pulmonary infarction).
Diagnosis: Blood tests to look for clot dissolving substance D dimar. Chest X-ray, US, MRI, Angiogram
Treatment: Anticoagulants and Thrombolytics
Complications: Pulmonary hypertension and death.

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2
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Pulmonary Fibrosis
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A

Describe: A condition where pulmonary lung tissue becomes scarred and diseased. The scar tissue is a lot thicker and stiffer, making it more difficult for your lungs to work properly. Irreversible damage.
S+S: Dyspnea, dry cough, fatigue, weight loss, achy muscles, finger clubbing.
Caused by: PF thickens and scars the alveoli, making diffusion of oxygen into the blood more difficult. The damage can be due to environment (asbestos, silica, and coal dust), radiation (due to previous lung and breast cancer treatments), medication (Chemo, antiarrhythmic, and anti inflammatory drugs), and autoimmune conditions (SLE, RA, and Pneumonia).
Diagnosis: X-ray, CT, Echocardiogram, Pulmonary function testing, stress testing, biopsy, FBC, liver and U+E tests.
Treatment: Oxygen therapy and Lung transplant
Complications: Lung cancer, pneumothorax, pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure.

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3
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Atelectasis 
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A

Describe: The partial or complete collapse of a lung or lobe. It occurs due to the alveoli becoming deflated or full of fluid and is a very common complication of surgeries.
S+S: Dyspnea, wheezing, cough
Caused by: A blocked airway or pressure from the outside of the lung. General anaesthesia as it chances your usual breathing pattern and exchange of gases. Tumours, foreign bodies, Injury, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, pneumonia, scar tissue.
Diagnosis: CT, US, Blood oxygen level
Treatment: Physio breathing exercises, surgery.
Complications: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, sepsis

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4
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Pleural effusion
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A

Describe: The build up of excess fluid between the pleura on the outside of the lungs. The job of the pleura is to lubricate during the breathing cycle.
S+S: Chest Px, dyspnea, dry non-productive cough, orthopnea
Caused by: HF, PE, Cirrhosis, Pneumonia, cancer, autoimmune, CKD
Diagnosis: X-ray, CT, US
Treatment: CHF, Chemotherapy, Thoracotomy
Complications: Lung collapse

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5
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Pleurisy
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A

Describe: The pleura (2 thin layers that lubricate the outside of the lung) become inflamed causing sharp chest Px worse during breathing. The Px comes from the 2 layers rubbing together.
S+S: Chest Px when breathing, coughing, sneezing, dyspnea, cough, fever
Caused by: Viral/Bacterial/Fungal infection, Autoimmune, lung cancer, PE, TB, Fx
Diagnosis: FBC for infection, X-ray, CT, US, ECG, Thoracoscopy
Treatment: Lifestyle changes, NSAIDs
Complications:

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6
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Pneumothorax
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A

Describe: A collapsed lung, it occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and the chest wall.
S+S: Sudden chest Px, shortness of breath
Caused by: Blunt or penetrating injury to the chest (RTC or needle), Lung diseases
Diagnosis: X-ray, CT, US
Treatment: Needle aspiration, blood patch, bronchoscope
Complications:

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7
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Cystic fibrosis
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A

Describe: A inherited disorder that causes significant damage to the lungs, digestive system, and other organs. It affects mucus secreting cells by incread of allowing the music to lubricate, the mucus becomes sticky and thick, plugging airways.
S+S: Usually diagnosed within the first month of life due to CF screenings, but if not screened they may be unaware until symptoms arise. Symptoms include Persistent cough with thick mucus, wheezing, recurring lung infections, sinusitis, stuffy nose, foul smelling stool.
Caused by: Congenital gene mutation
Diagnosis: CF screening
Treatment: No cure but symptoms can be managed with bronchodilators, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory’s.
Complications: Bronchiectasis, Chronic infections, polyps, pneumothorax, respiratory failure, diabetes, liver disease, infertility.

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8
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COPD
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A

Describe: An inflammatory lung disease that causing obstruction of the airways and breathing difficulties, cough, wheezing, mucus. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Emphysema is a condition where the alveoli are destroyed as a result of damaging exposure.
Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes carrying oxygen to the alveoli.
S+S: Shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, chronic cough.
Caused by: Cigarette smoke and irritants
Diagnosis: Lung function tests, Lab tests, X-ray, CT,
Treatment: Bronchodilators, inhalers, oxygen therapy
Complications: Respiratory infections, high pulmonary BP, depression, and Lung cancer.

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9
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Asthma 
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A

Describe: A condition where your airways narrow, swell, and produce extra mucus, making breathing difficult and triggering coughing and wheezing.
S+S: Shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, sleep difficulty.
Caused by: Air born allergens, respiratory infections, cold air, GORD
Diagnosis: Spirometry and peak flow
Treatment: Inhaled corticosteroids, short acting beta agonists
Complications:

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10
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Influenza
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A

Describe: A viral infection that attacks your respiratory system, it usually resolves on its own, but can have deadly complications.
S+S: Fever, aching, chills, headache, cough, dyspnea, sore throat
Caused by: Droplets in the air
Diagnosis: Physical exam and PCR
Treatment: Rest
Complications: Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Asthma, Heart conditions

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11
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Bacterial pneumonia
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A

Describe: An infection causing inflammation of the air flaps within one or both lungs causing a cough with phlegm, fever, chills, dyspnea
S+S: Chest Px, confusion, cough, fatigue, fever, nausea
Caused by: Bacteria (streptococcus), fungus, bacteria, percussion dullness
Diagnosis: Blood test to see whats causing infection, X-ray, sputum test
Treatment: Antibiotics and Px relief
Complications: Bacteria in blood, Pleural effusion, lung abcess

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12
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TB
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A

Describe: An infectious disease affecting the lungs. The bacterium TB is spread from person to person via air droplets, many TB strains are antibiotic resistant.
S+S: Coughing, blood in sputum, Chest px, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats
Caused by: Bacterium, drug resistance, Weakened immune system through HIV, kidney diseases, cancer
Diagnosis: Skin test, blood test
Treatment:
Complications: Spine Px, Jt Px, Meningitis, Liver and kidney problems

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13
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Sleep Apnea
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A

Describe: Upper airway obstruction during sleep, MC in men between 40 and 60 with 17inch necks
S+S: Snoring, dry mouth and gasping for air during sleep, morning headache, insomnia.
Caused by: Muscles of the thorax relaxing and narrowing, as you breathe in meaning you cant get oxygen. Common in obesity, use of alcohol and sedatives, smoking
Diagnosis: Home sleep tests
Treatment: CPAP Sleeping devices, weight loss, oxygen tank
Complications: HBP, Diabetes, liver problems

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14
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GORD
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A

Describe: Occurs when stomach acid frequently flows back into the oesophagus, irritating the lining. 2 mild cases or 1 severe case per week.
S+S: Heart burn, chest px, difficulty swallowing, severe acid reflux
Caused by: acid reflux aggravated by obesity, smoking, and pregnancy
Diagnosis:
Treatment: H2 receptor blockers, Endoscopy and Barium meal
Complications:

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15
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Costochondritis
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A

Describe: Chest wall px and inflammation of the cartilage connecting the sternum to the ribs. This Px imitates an MI
S+S: L breastbone, sharp pressure and more than 1 rib
Caused by: Injury, strain, arthritis, tumour
Diagnosis:
Treatment: NSAIDs
Complications:

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16
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Angina
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A

Describe: Chest Px or dyspnea due to a lack of oxygen rich blood due to myocardial ischemia.
S+S: Chest Px, Dyspnea, substernal ache, Px into L shoulder and arm. Nausea and fatigue
Caused by: A lack of oxygen rich blood
Diagnosis: ECG, echocardiogram, stress test, x-ray
Treatment: BB’s, CCB’s, Anti arrythmia, anticoagulant
Complications: HBP, diabetes, HF, valve diseases

17
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Marfan syndrome
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A

Describe: Congenital disorder in tall and thin people affecting the heart and vessels, the problem is an increase in elasticity
S+S: Tall and thin, murmurs, flat feet and protruding breastbone
Caused by: Gene defect
Diagnosis: Echocardiogram, CT, MRI
Treatment: Blood pressure lowering meds, aortic repair surgery
Complications: Aortic aneurysm/tears, valve malformations, eye complications

18
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MI
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A

Describe: STEMI is worse than NSTEMI
A type of heart attack, starves the heart of oxygen by causing a complete occlusion of a minor artery or a minor occlusion of a major artery.
S+S: Dyspnea, chest Px, dizziness, nausea, sweating, Pain in jaw/back
Caused by: Plaque, myocarditis, embolism, HBP, aortic stenosis, tachycardia
Diagnosis: ECG echocardiogram, CT, MRI
Treatment: Antiplatelet/coagulant. thrombolytic, ACE, Statins, BB’s
Complications: Worse MI, Arrhythmia, HF, death

19
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CAD
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A

Describe: Major blood vessels become diseased/damaged, usually caused by plaques. This blockage reduces blood flow and is progressive over decades
S+S: Angina, dyspnea, MI
Caused by: Plaque, damage to vessel due to HBP, smoking, older age, high LDL, diabetes and sedentary
Diagnosis: ECG, stress tests, echocardiogram, angiogram, CT
Treatment: ACE, ARB, BB’s, CCB’s, Statins and anti platelets, CA bypass, angioplasty stent placement, lifestyle changes
Complications: Angina, MI, HF, Arrhythmia

20
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PAD
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A

Describe: A circulatory condition caused by reduced blood flow in the arteries of the LL. Meaning your legs don’t get enough blood, causing claudication when walking
S+S: Cramping, heaviness, weakness in legs after walking up stairs. Cold and numb LL, cyanosis, ED, Claudication
Caused by: Atherosclerosis, vessel damage, vessel inflammation, smoking, diabetes, age, obesity, HBP, high cholesterol
Diagnosis: Physical exam, US, angiography, FBC
Treatment: Statins, anticoagulants, diabetes drugs, antiplatelets, angioplasty and bypass surgery
Complications: MI, Stroke, TIA

21
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Pericarditis
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Caused by: 
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Treatment: 
Complications:
A

Describe: Swelling and irritation of the pericardium, Px behind breastbone
S+S: Angina, Px spreading to L shoulder and arm that is worse when coughing, lying down or taking a deep breath. Better when sitting, or leaning forward.
Cough, fatigue, chest Px, swelling in legs and abdomen, fever
Caused by: Immune response, infection, injury, inflammatory disorders
Diagnosis: ECG, echocardiogram, CT, MRI
Treatment: Corticosteroids
Complications: Fluid build up leading to further complications

22
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Myocarditis
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A

Describe: Inflammation of the myocardium reducing the hearts ability to pump, causing arrhythmia’s.
S+S: Angina, Dyspnea, Arrhythmia, LL oedema, fatigue
Caused by: Virus, bacteria, fungi, medication, autoimmune
Diagnosis: ECG, echocardiogram, X-ray, MRI, biopsy, FBC
Treatment: Corticosteroids, antoarrhythmia, anticoagulant, diuretics, arb, ace, BBs
Complications: HF, MI, Stroke/TIA, Arrhythmia

23
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HF
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A

Describe: When the heart does not pump as well as it should, causing blood to back up and fluid in the lungs. CAD and HBP can leave the blood too weak or stiff to fill and pump blood
S+S: Dyspnea when exercising or lying down, cough, oedema, weight gain, fatigue, fluid build up
Caused by: CAD, MI, HBP, faulty valves, myocarditis, congenital defect
Diagnosis: ECG, echocardiogram, X-ray, FBC, Stress test, CT/MRI
Treatment: ACR, ARB, BB’s. Diuretics, valve replacement, coronary bypass
Complications: Kidney damage, Heart valve problems, liver damage

24
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Ischemic stroke and TIA
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A

Describe: Blood supply to the brain is cut off/reduced, preventing the brain from getting oxygen and nutrients, it is cut off by a clot
S+S: Face, arms, speech, trouble speaking, face, legs, and arm paralysis, disturbed vision and walking
Caused by: Embolism of the vessel or a bleed in the brain
Diagnosis: ECG, FBC, CT, MRI
Treatment: Thrombolytic drugs, angioplasty
Complications: Paralysis, memory loss, Px, difficulty speaking and swallowing, death

TIA: A mini stroke where the brain is only cut off for a temporary time, causing non permanent damage

25
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Thrombophlebitis
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A

Describe: Inflammatory process causing clots to block one or more veins in the leg, the veins nearer the surface (superficial thrombophlebitis) or deep in the muscle belly (deep vein thrombosis)
S+S: Warmth, tender, swelling, Px
Caused by: Injury to vein, congenital, being immobile for long periods
Diagnosis: US, FBC
Treatment: Compression socks, thrombolytics, anticoagulants
Complications:

26
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Mitral valve prolapse
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A

Describe: A condition that causes the mitral valve (L side of heart) to become weak and bulge backwards upon contraction, causing MV regurgitation.
S+S: Arrhythmia, dizziness, dyspnea, fatigue
Caused by: Valves have more tissue stretch, causing a bulge and preventing them from closing tightly, causing a blood leakage (MVR)
Diagnosis: ECG, echocardiogram, X-ray, stress test
Treatment: BB’s, Anticoagulants, Diuretics, valve replacement, Antiarrrhythmia
Complications: Ehlers danlos syndrome, graves, marfans syndrome

27
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Mitral valve regurgitation
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A

Describe: When the L sided heart valves don’t close properly, causing leakage, reducing blood flow
S+S: Murmur, arrhythmia, dyspnea when lying down, edema
Caused by: MVP, RF, MI, Congenital defect, endocarditis
Diagnosis: ECG, echocardiogram, X-ray, MRI, stress test
Treatment: Diuretics, anticoagulants, blood pressure meds, valve repair and replacement
Complications: AF, HF, Pulmonary hypertension

28
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Mitral stenosis
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A

Describe: Narrowing of the heart valves due to not closing properly causing blockage of blood into the LV
S+S: Dyspnea when lying down, fatigue, edema, palpitations, angina, dizziness, arrhythmia, murmur
Caused by: RF, Calcium deposits, Radiation, congenital
Diagnosis: ECG, echocardiogram, X ray,
Treatment: Diuretics, anticoagulants, BB’s, CCB’s Antiarrhytmia
Complications: HF, Pulmonary hypertension, edema, Clots, AF

29
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Atrial Fibrillation
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Treatment: 
Complications:
A

Describe: An irregular and rapid HR that can lead to clots, causing Stoke and Hf
S+S: Palpitations, dizziness, fatigue, angina, dyspnea, weakness
Caused by: Overload of the AV node, CAD, MI, HBP, congenital heart defect, lung disease, previous surgery
Diagnosis: ECG, echocardiogram, stress test, X-ray, FBC
Treatment: BB’s, CCB’s, Anti arrhythmia, Anticoagulant
Complications: HBP, diabetes, HF

Lab tests (6 decks)

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