Pulmo Flashcards
Beneficial in reducing the burden of hospitalization because of pneumonia
Breastfeeding
MC congenital anomaly of nose
Choanal atresia
MC type of congenital midline nasal mass
Encephalocele
Unilateral nasal discharge and obstruction should suggest
Foreign Body
Deep red mucosa with subglottic swelling and subglottic narrowing or steeple sign in radiograph
Laryngotracheobronchitis
Nasal polyps commonly arise from the
Ethmoidal sinus
MC childhood cause of nasal polyposis
Cystic Fibrosis
Antibiotic that has a significant effect on the size of polyps, nasal symptoms and mucosal and systemic markers of inflammation
Doxycycline
MC cause of common colds
Rhinovirus
May be given to patients with common colds within 24 hrs of onset to lessen the severity of symptoms
Zinc
Symptom that comes first before rhinorrhea in common colds
Sore throat
To reduce rhinorrhea in common colds, this anti-histamine maybe prescribed
Diphenhydramine
MC complication of cold
Acute Otitis Media
Sinus pneumatised at 4 yrs old
Maxillary
Only accurate method of diagnosis of sinusitis
Sinus aspirate culture
Acute Streptococcal Pharungitis is treated with
BPG 600,000 units once
An upper airway obstruction that may have an afebrile state nontoxic with barking cough and stridor
Spasmodic Croup
Tonsillectomy is indicated in patients with recurrent GAS pharyngitis, interval must at least be
=/> 7x in the previous year or =/> 5 in each of the preceding 2yr or =/> 3 in each of the previous 3 yr
The typical presentation is that of a previously healthy adolescent or young adult with a history of recent pharyngitis who becomes acutely ill with fever, hypoxia, tachypnea, and respiratory distress
Lemierre disease
Single aggregation of lymphoid tissue that occupies the space between the nasal septum and the posterior pharyngeal wall
Adenoids
Most episodes of ATP is caused by
Virus
The rapid unilateral enlargement of a tonsil, esp if accompanied by systemic signs of night sweats, fever, weight loss, and lymphadenopathy, is highly suggestive of a
Tonsillar malignancy
MC cause of recurrent cough in children
Reactive airway disease
A cough that lasted for weeks with harsh, honking, or barking quality that disappears with sleep or with distraction
Habit cough
Cherry epiglottis and arytenoepiglottic swelling and thumb sign
Epiglottitis
Causes recurrent stridor in children
Croup
MC cause of laryngotracheobronchitis
Parainfluenza
MC cause of bacterial tracheitis
Staphylococcus aureus
MC cause of acute epiglottitis
H influenza
Infectious airway obstruction may be toxic with high grade fever, brassy cough, stridor, hoarseness, neck pain with no drooling and dysphagia
Bacterial Tracheitis
MC congenital laryngeal anomaly
Laryngomalacia
MC cause of stridor in infants and children
Laryngomalacia
Most serious complication of foreign body aspiration
Complete obstruction of the airway
MC of airway obstruction requiring tracheostomy in infants
Laryngotracheal stenosis
MC cause of chronic hoarseness in children
Vocal nodules
MC respiratory tract neoplasm in children
Papillomas
Bronchiolitis obliterans often occur in children after respiratory infection caused by
Adenovirus
Consists of hamartomatous or dysplastic lung tissue mixed with more normal lung, generally confined to 1 lobe
Congenital pulmonary airway malformation
Pathophysiology of Pulmonary edema
Inc. pulmonary capillary pressure, Inc. capillary permeability, Lymphatic insufficiency
Leading cause of death globally among children younger than 5 yr, accounting for an estimated 1.2M deaths annually
Pneumonia
MC cause of pneumonia in neonates less than 3 weeks
GBS
MC cause of pneumonia in 3 weeks to 3 mos old
RSV
Cause of interstitial pneumonia with necrosis of the tracheobronchial mucosa, formation of large amount of exudate, edema, and local hemorrhage with extension into the interalveolar septa and involvement of lymphatic vessels and inc likelihood of pleural involvement
Group A streptococcus
Most consistent manifestation of pneumonia
Tachypnea
Clinical manifestation of lower lobe pneumonia
Abdominal pain
MC complaints of in patients with bronchiectasis
Cough and production of copious purulent sputum
Major cause of severe chronic lung disease in children
Cystic Fibrosis
Is the incomplete expansion or complete collapse of airbearing tissue, resulting from obstruction of air intake into the alveolar sacs
Atelectasis
Organism that may cause multiple areas of atelectasis
RSV
MC cause of pleural effusion in children
Bacterial Pneumonia
Aim of empyema treatment
to sterilize pleural fluid to restore normal lung function
Treatment of Empyema
systematic antibiotics, thoracentesis, chest tube drainage initially with a fibrinolytic agent and VATS
Patient presented initially with this symptoms may be evaluated for possible presence of pneumonia
Cough and respiratory difficulty
Pneumonia may be considered if any of the ff positive predictors of radiographic pneumonia is present
Tachypnea, Chest wall retractions in a patient aged 3 mos to 5 yrs and Fever, wheezing, dec BS, nasal flaring, cyanosis, crackles or localized chest findings at any age
CXR may be requested to determine the presence of pneumonia in these situations
Dehydration in px aged 3mos to 5 yrs and high index of clinical suspicion
May be requested at initial site of care for pneumonia
Gram stain
For PCAP C and PCAP D, the following diagnostic aids may be requested at the initial site of care
ABGs, CRP and Chest UTZ
Predictive marker for mortality
pH in ABG fro metabolic acidosis
Antiviral therapy for suspected or laboratory confirmed influenza virus causing pneumonia to reduce time of symptoms resolution
Oseltamivir
Clinical stability for PCAP A and PCAP B may be assessed within 24-48 hrs after consultation if
cough has improved or body temp has returned to normal
How many hours will you monitor px diagnosed with PCAP A and PCAP B for response to current treatment
24 hours
