Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MHD Pulm Heme Block > Pulm Path IV > Flashcards

Pulm Path IV Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common primary tumor?

A

Hamartoma (benign)

-approximately 95% of tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Top 3 most prevalent cancers in men by number of cases

A
  • Prostate
  • Lung & Bronchus
  • Colon & Rectum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Top 3 most prevalent cancers in women by number of cases

A
  • Breast
  • Lung & Bronchus
  • Colon & Rectum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Top 3 killer cancers

A
  • Lung & Bronchus
  • Prostate/Breast
  • Colon & Rectum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Percent of lung carcinomas that occur in smokers?

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Increased chance of developing lung cancer if you smoke?

A
  • Average smokers have 10x risk

- Heavy smokers have 60x greater risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Other facts about smoking and cancer

A
  • women more susceptible than men
  • second hand smoke increases risk by 2 compared to non-smoking
  • cessation of smoking decreases risk but may not return person to baseline
  • associated with alterations in p53
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which organ has no evidence of being at higher risk of cancer due to smoking?

A

Breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Types of Lung cancer by percentage

A
  • Small cell carcinoma (20%)
  • —-Non-small cell carcinoma (80%)
  • Squamous cell carcinoma (25-30%)
  • Adenocarcinoma (30-40%)
  • Unclassifiable/Large cell (10-15%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is Squamous cell carcinoma more common in men or women?

A

Men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is Squamous cell carcinoma associated with smoking?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which elevated hormone is Squamous cell carcinoma associated with?

A

inappropriate PTH secretion (elevated Ca++)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the progression of Squamous cell carcinoma?

A
  • Squamous metaplasia –> dysplasia –> carcinoma in situ

- arises centrally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the immunohistochemistry of Squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • intercellular bridges or keratinization
  • diffuse p63/p40
  • local nodes involved in 70 - 90%
  • spreads outside the thorax, later than other histological types
  • highest frequency of p53 mutations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the 5 year survival?

A

5 - 7.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Clinical presentation of Adenocarcinoma

A

Female non-smokers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the progression of Adenocarcinoma?

A

Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia –> Adenocarcinoma in situ –> Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma
-more often peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Another name for Adenocarcinoma in situ?

A

Bronchioalveolar Carcinoma

19
Q

What are subtypes of Adenocarcinoma?

A
  • Acinar
  • Papillary
  • Solid
  • Mucinous
20
Q

What are mutations of Adenocarcinoma?

A
  • —-EGFR
  • 30 - 40% asians
  • targeted therapy: erlotinib (EGFR inh.)
  • —-ALK gene fusions
  • targeted therapy: Crizotinib (ALK inhibitors)
  • —-KRAS
  • most common in caucasians
  • presence leads to worst outcome
  • confers resistance to EGFR inhibitors and no targeted therapy
21
Q

Large cell/undifferentiated carcinoma

A
  • un-differentiated
  • poor prognosis
  • metastasize to liver, adrenal, brain
  • 2 - 3 % 5 year survival
22
Q

Where does small cell carcinoma arise from?

  • tissue
  • location
A
  • rapidly growing, high grade neuroendocrine tumor

- central

23
Q

Is small cell carcinoma associated with smoking?

A

yes

24
Q

Characteristics of small cell carcinoma

A
  • widely metastatic
  • Paraneoplastic syndromes
  • –ACTH, ADH
  • Rarely resectable
25
Q

Treatment for small cell carcinoma

A

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

26
Q

2 year survival for small cell carcinoma

A

5 - 8%

27
Q

Histologic characteristics of small cell carcinoma

A

densely packed “small blue” tumor

  • size is 3 times larger than small, resting lymphocytes
  • round to ovoid nucleus
  • scant cytoplasm
  • finely dispersed chromatin, inconspicuous nucleoli, high mitotic activity
28
Q

Mutations in small cell carcinoma

A
  • inactivation of p53

- inactivation of RB

29
Q

What is a Bronchial Carcinoid?

A

Low grade malignant neuroendocrine tumor

-locally invasive, rarely metastatic

30
Q

Average age of person who gets Bronchial Carcinoid?

A

40 y/o

31
Q

Clinical presentation of Bronchial Carcinoid

A
  • carcinoid syndrome

- intermittent diarrhea, flushing, and cyanosis

32
Q

Classification of Bronchial Carcinoid

A
  • Typical = low mitotic rate and absent necrosis

- Atypical = more frequent mitosis and focal necrosis

33
Q

Outcomes for Bronchial Carcinoid

A
  • often resectable and curable

- 5 to 10 year survival rate: 50 - 95%

34
Q

What is the importance of differentiating between small cell carcinoma and Non small cell lung carcinoma?

A
  • non small cell carcinoma is generally resectable
  • small cell carcinoma has wide spread metastases by the time of diagnosis (requires chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy)
35
Q

Clinical presentations of Lung cancer

A
  • Cough
  • Weight loss
  • Chest pain
  • Dyspnea
36
Q

Clinical features of lung cancer

A
  • pneumonia, access
  • pleural effusion
  • pericardial tamponade
  • hoarseness
  • dysphagia
  • diaphragm paralysis
  • rib destruction
37
Q

Superior vena cava syndrome

A
  • facial swelling
  • cyanosis
  • dilatation of veins in head and neck
38
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

A
  • SIADH
  • Cushings
  • Calcitonin
39
Q

Eaton-Lambert

A
  • Autoantibodies against calcium channels
  • muscle weakness
  • most commonly associated with small cell carcinoma
40
Q

Survival for Mesothelioma

A

rarely over a year

41
Q

Types of Mesothelioma

A
  • Epithelioid
  • Sarcomatoid
  • Mixed
42
Q

Histology of Mesothelioma

A
  • Asbestos body

- Ferruginous body

43
Q

Clinical presentation of Mesothelioma

A
  • Chest pain
  • Dyspnea
  • Recurrent pleural effusion

MHD Pulm Heme Block (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions