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Adv. A&P II > Pulm Anatomy; Exam III > Flashcards

Pulm Anatomy; Exam III Flashcards

1
Q
A

Costodiaphragmatic recess
-Pocket of air in between the diaphragm and ribcage

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2
Q
A

R. Lung is larger and heavier
L. Lung is taller

  1. Superior Lobe
  2. Middle Lobe
  3. Inferior lobe
  4. Oblique fissure
  5. Horizontal fissure
  6. Parietal pleura- Connective tissue lining inside of chest
  7. Visceral pleura- Tissue lining the actual lung
  8. Bronchopulmonary segments found within each lung. ~10 bronchopulmonary segments in R Lung
  9. L. Lung- 8 bronchopulmonary segments

Small amount of fluid should be contained w/in the pleural space to allow lungs to slide w/o friction

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3
Q
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Diaphragm is anchored into the base of the thorax, connects to lumbar spine

  1. Central Tendon- heart sits on top
  2. Indicates where the heart sits on the central tendon- this depresses the diaphragm and causes the L. lung to be taller than the right

3 & 4. Anchoring points of the leaflets/ crus of diaphragm to the lumbar spine

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4
Q
A

Scalene Muscles:
- Helps stabilize the top of the thorax in position as the diaphragm drops. Fastens to C3-C7 and ribs 1& 2

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5
Q
A
  1. Mastoid process of the skull behind the ear
  2. Sternocleidomastoid muscle: Also stabilizes the thorax (like scalene muscles). Prevents the ribcage from being pulled downward during inspiration
  3. Connects to the sternum at midline
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6
Q

Muscles Involved in Inspiration

A

Pectoralis Major & Minor
* Stabilizes the thorax during inspiration under stress
* Minor are located deep to major, connects to top of thorax and shoulder blade
* Tripod position when someone is in distress. Leaning over provides support to the shoulders –> allowing for deeper inspiration

External Intercostal Muscles:
* Located on the outer/superficial portion of the ribcage.
* Pulls the ribcage outward during contraction –> expands the thorax anterior –> facilitates inspiration

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7
Q

Muscles Involved in Expiration

A

Internal Intercostal Muscles:
* Located deep/inside the ribcage
* Pulls ribcage inward, compresses the thorax, and pulls it midline during contraction –> facilitates forced expiration
* Not used unless breathing at a faster RR than normal

Abdominal Muscles
* Contraction causes the contents of the abdomen to push upward on the diaphragm –> pushing air out (aids with the speed in which we can expire)
-Rectus abdominus
-Oblique
-Transverse abdominus

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8
Q
A

Pharynx:

  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx: Everything below the oropharynx, ending at the larynx
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9
Q

Hyoid bone function?

A

Larynx- portion of the pharynx that attaches to the trachea

  1. Epiglottis
  2. Hyoid Bone
    • Floating bone, can be broken
      -attachment point for bottom of mouth and some cartilage in larynx
  3. Laryngeal prominence
  4. Cricothyroid ligament
  5. Cricotrachial ligament
  6. Tracheal cartilage
  7. Cricoid cartilage
  8. Thyroid cartilage
    -Attached between hyoid bone and trachea
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10
Q

What is unique about the tongue?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Tongue & floor of mouth- Striated skeletal muscle. When paralyzing a patient and laying them supine, can cause airway obstruction

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11
Q
A
  1. Soft palate
  2. Uvula
  3. Hyoid bone
  4. Vestibular fold- vocal cord
  5. Vocal fold- vocal cord
  6. Cricoid cartilage
  7. Epiglottis
  8. Palatine tonsil
  9. Pharyngeal tonsil
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12
Q

Functions of vasculature inside the nose?

A
  1. Superior Concha
  2. Middle Concha
  3. Inferior Concha
  • Boney projections inside both sides of the nose
  • Porous (very fragile)- Highly vascular
  • Catches particles on inspiration
  • Heats and humidies air
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13
Q
A

Internal view of nasal cavity

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14
Q

The shape of the concha causes what? How does inspired air enter?

What view is this image?
Where is a good place to place a nasal airway?

A

Coronal section

  1. Orbit
  2. Superior Concha-
    • Connected to ethmoid bone (fragile)
  3. Middle Concha-
    -Connected to ethmoid bone (fragile)
  4. Inferior Concha-
    • Continuous with hard palate/ roof of mouth projecting off of the maxillary bone
    • Bone is less fragile.
    • Good place to place a nasal airway

Curved in order to generate turbulence as air is inspired through the nose. Allows for air to run into the walls of the nose –> catching particles
Only works for small molecules (dust, pollen)

50% inspired air enters through the nose, other 50% through the mouth

A: Sinuses

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15
Q
A

Ethmoid Bone

  1. Crista galli - connects to falx cerebri (connective tissue that separates hemispheres of the brain)
  2. Middle concha
  3. Superior concha
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16
Q
A

Cranial Nerve V (Trigimenal) is responsible for sensory function in three areas of the face

  1. Opthalmic division
  2. Maxillary division
  3. Mandibular division
17
Q
A
  • Trigimenal innervation at the roof of the mouth
  • Responsible for brain freeze “ice-cream headache,” the brain doesn’t realize the pain is coming from the roof of the mouth so it’s felt in the forehead
  • Place your tongue against roof of mouth- brain freeze will go away
18
Q
A
  1. External acoustic meatus
  2. Mastoid process- sternocleidomastoid muscle connects here
19
Q
A

Hard palate

20
Q
A
  1. Ethmoid bone, cribiform plate-
    • Part of the ethmoid bone that olfactory neurons run through (smell sensors). On top of the nose
  2. Crista galli
  3. How falx cerebri runs
21
Q
A

1 & 5. Trigimenal (V)
- Innervates three major areas of the face as well as the oropharynx, nasopharynx

2 & 4. Glossopharyngeal (IX)
-Small portion of the back of the mouth

  1. Vagus (X) -
    • Back of oropharynx and larynx to trachea
22
Q
A
  1. ?
  2. Hard Palate
  3. Soft Palate- can cause obstruction if too soft and dangly
  4. Uvula
  5. Palatine tonsils
    -Just above lingual tonsils
23
Q
A

Vagus Nerve (X)

  • Vallecula
  • Epiglottis
  • Posterior/inferior oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
  • Trachea
24
Q
A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)

  • Back of tongue/mouth anterior to epiglottis
25
1. Taste 2. Somatic Sensation **Taste** 3. Vagus- not a ton of taste sensation here 4. Glossopharyngeal- Posterior 1/3rd 6. Facial nerve (VII)- Anterior 2/3rds **Somatic** 5. Trigimenal Nerve (5), V3/Mandibular Division- Anterior 2/3rds of tongue 7. Glossopharyngeal - Posterior 1/3rd of tongue 8. Vagus- Epiglottis
26
1. Soft palate 2. Enlarged pharyngeal tonsil located in nasopharynx -can push against the soft palate causing an obstruction to breathing
27
# Mac/miller go where? How does the epiglottis close?
Larynx- formed by cartilage and connective tissue in between 1. Hyoid Bone 2. Vallecula -Mac blade repositions tongue -Posterior/inferior to tongue, superior to epiglottis 3. Lingual tonsil -base of the tongue 4. Epiglottis -Miller blade -Epiglottis is pulled backward during swallowing -The rest of the larynx moves upwards 5. Vocal cords/ opening? 6. Cricoid cartilage 7. Esophagus 8. Cricoid cartilage 9. Vocal fold 10. Thyroid cartilage 11. Vestibular fold Voice box contains vocal cords, inferior thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage
28
**Salivary glands** 1. Sublingual gland -underneath tongue 2. Submandibular gland -under mandible, base of jaw 3. Parotid gland 4. Submandibular gland All highly vascular
29
Cricothyroid joint Functions between thyroid and cricoid cartilage Allows thyroid cartilage to pivot inferiorly
30
# Size of laryngeal prominence determines what? | Horns and laminate connect to what?
Thyroid Cartilage 1. Right Lamina -"Side." The surface that the thyroid gland sits next to 2. Laryngeal Prominence - Place where vocal cords attach. - Larger laryngeal prominence facilitates a deeper voice --> longer, stretched out vocal cords - Smaller laryngeal prominence facilitates a higher pitched voice --> shorter, smaller vocal cords 3. Left Lamina -"Side." The surface that the thyroid gland sits next to 4. Inferior horn -Where Cricothyroid joint connects 5. Superior horns -Connects to hyoid bone via connective tissue
31
* Cricoid cartilage connects to the thyroid cartilage * Continuous circular ring 1. Lamina -Side of cricoid cartilage 2. Articular facet for arytenoid cartilage (x2) -Place for arytenoid cartilage to attach cricoid cartilage to the vocal cords 3. Articular facet for inferior horn of thyroid cartilage (x2) -This is what allows the voice box to pivot forward 4 & 7. Articular facet x arytenoid cartilage 5 & 8.Articular facet x thryoid cartilage 6. Lamina
32
Diamond shaped cartilage that attach to the vocal cords. Sits superior to the cricoid cartilage 1. Corniculate Cartilage -Cartilagineous appendage 2. Arytenoid Cartilage 3 & 4. Corniculate Cartilage
33
# What connects to the deep portion of the laryngeal prominence?
1. Vestibular fold 2. Vocal fold 3. Thyroid cartilage 4. Cricoracheal ligament 5. Cricoid cartilage 6. Cricoarytenoid joint 7. Arytenoid Cartilage 8. Corniculate Cartilage 9. Thyroid Cartilage 10. Corniculate Cartilage - on top of arytenoid, connection point for vocal cord 11. Cricothyroid joint 12. Vocal ligament 13. Laryngeal Prominence - Vocal cords attach to the inside of this
34
Unpaired Cartilage in Larynx
1. Thyroid 2. Epiglottis 3. Cricoid TEC is unpaired
35
Paired Cartilage in Larynx
1. Arytenoid 2. Corniculate 3.
36
1. Cricothyroid muscle - Most external laryngreal muscle - Fastens cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage - Contraction pivots thyroid cartilage inferiorly - Tightens vocal cords 2. Straight part 3. Oblique part 4. Cricothyroid joint
37
1. Thyroarytenoid muscle - Allows the thyroid cartilage to "swivel," adducting the vocal cords 2. Vocalis muscle -Tightens the vocal cords Six sets of muscles
38
Most narrow portion of upper airway? What does cricoid pressure do?
**10 years or younger:** Cricoid cartilage is the most narrow portion of the upper airway **11 years or older:** Trans-glottic space (vocal cords) are the most narrow portion of the upper airway **Cricoid Pressure:** Placing pressure on the anterior cricoid cartilage can obstruct the esophagus, preventing stomach contents from entering the airway Downside of doing this: Applies pressure on the LES. If the patient is awake or has a abdominal muscle spasm, can cause damage to the LES

Adv. A&P II (8 decks)

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