Public Speaking Final Flashcards
4 Master Tropes
Metaphor
Metonymy
Synecdoche
Irony
Metaphor
comparison without like or as
one thing (baseball)—another (politics)
Ex. Donald Trump hit a grand slam
Metonymy
the substitution of the name of an attribute for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, or the track for horse racing.
Washington did blah
white house did blah
Synecdoche
using part for whole, or vice versa, body parts examples- hired hands for workers
Braves won-the atl braves baseball team won
Irony
opposite meaning of actual words used
Decorum
Fittingness or appropriateness to the speaking occasion
-Degree to which the speech conforms to the expectations of that occasion-rules of conduct
Chiasmus
a rhetorical or literary figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form; e.g. ‘Poetry is the record of the best and happiest moments of the happiest and best minds.
Bush- I can’t hear you, well I can hear you!
Fallacies
An inference that appears sound but on inspection contains a significant flaw (in every argument, matter of significance)
(Type of Fallacy) Fallacy of Compisition
assuming what’s true for part is true for whole
(Type of Fallacy) Common Cause Fallacy
assuming one thing causes another, when really cause of both, ignoring a common cause
-x causes y when really x and y caused by Z
(Type of Fallacy) Post Hoc Fallacy
assuming that because one event occurred before another, the 1st causes the 2nd.
(Type of Fallacy) Non Sequitur
a claim that is unrelated to supporting material
(Type of Fallacy) Circular Argument
restating claim in different words, rather than supporting claim
(Type of Fallacy) Ignoring Question ***Red Herring
diverting attention from issue at hand
(Type of Fallacy) Equivocal Language
sloppy or vague language-imprecise
(Type of Fallacy) Confusing Probability With Certainty
regarding certain when probable
(Type of Fallacy) Inappropriate Emotional Response
appropriate emotional response more important than details of inference
Bitzer Rhetorical Situation
- EXIGENCIES- problems existing in world, not rhetorical if unable to be fixed by human, exigence is rhetorical when it is capable of positive modification and when that positive modification calls for persuasion
- AUDIENCE-those capable of being influenced by discourse (any1 who just listens?)
- CONSTRAINTS- made up of persons, events, objects, and relations which are part of the situation and have power to constrain decision and action
2 Constraints: - Artistic Proofs (by orator)
- Inartistic Proofs (outside elements)
Metonymy vs. Synecdoche
Metonymy is when a thing refers to something else that it’s closely associated with, but unlike synecdoche, the part does not have to refer to the whole, or vice versa.
