Public Speaking Exam Prep Flashcards
Rules For Success
- Be Prompt
- Be Prepared
- Be Polite
Extensive tension may be caused by…
lack of sleep
a poor diet
lack of exercise
*Nervous tension is
natures way of making us ALERT
To get rid of nervous tension…
- adopt a success attitude
- take a deep breath before you speech
Signs that you are nervous:
- shaking hands and knees
- stomach flutters
- voice gets higher
- heart rate increases
- a litte sweat
- increase breathing rate
- increase in adrenaline
Good Speaking Stance
- feet planted firmly, shoulder width apart
- knees slightly bent (but the audience can’t tell)
- Hands and arms at your sides
- Head straight, shoulders back
Physical Appearance
- Goal: limited distraction, comfort
- good to dress up
- no jackets coats or hats
- no gum or other objects in mouth
- not to much jewelry/makeup
- Watch out for long sleeves, oversized sweaters/sweatshirts
- dress code
Voice
Slightly louder and slower
*Demographic
the term used to describe the following traits of an audience:
Age, gender, occupation, education, religion, politics, ethnic/cultural and social/economic
Main Purposes
to inform
to persuade
to entertain
Preparation
- analyzing the audience and situation
- selecting a purpose and a topic
- researching
- organizing materials
- gathering supporting materials
- preparing visual aids
Good topics
appropriate for audience and the occasion
Three Main Parts of a Speech
Introduction
Bodyhe
Conclusion
Thesis Statement
Sentence that states your point of view about a topic. (Summary of your speech
Goals of an introduction
capture the audience
introduce the topic
Speech organization patterns
multiple used per speech
topical/logical order chronological order spacial classification Problem-Solution (persuasive, Monroe) Cause and Effect
subordination
the term for dividing material into smaller and more specific points on an outline
Goals of Conclusion
- make sure the audience knows your concluding your speech
- summarizing the main points and ideas
- leave a strong impression
Support Material
information that helps you prove a point
facts
information that can be proven true or false
statistics
facts (such as numbers) - which must be used carefully
testimony
another persons ideas, words or opinions (quoted exactly)
visual aids
items that your audience can look at as you are speaking
General purpose
(1) to inform, to persuade, or to entertain
(2) not very specific, can lead to a variety of topics
Specific purpose
(1) focuses your speech
(2) infinitive phrase, not a sentence
(3) not a question
(4) clear and easy to understand, avoid figurative language
(5) *precise, not too vague or general
Central Idea
thesis of speech, main points are listed (same rules for writing as specific purpose, except it’s a sentence)
Main Points
- 2:5
- main focus of your speech
Know the Outline Structure
read the handout
Intro and Conclusion are…
10% of the speech
Obama’s 5 communication secrets to winning presidency
see handout
Ways to start the intro
- impact
- demonstration
- mystery
- rhetorical question
- quote
- narrative
- sound effect
- confusion
- riddle/ joke
- audience anticipation
impact
capture the audience with shocking information
demonstration
demonstrating something related to your topic
mystery
a series of clues that gradually reveal more about your topic
quote
a quote that will provoke you audience to think about the topic
narrative
a true or fictional story related to the topic
sound effect
use of tools, instruments, or even an mp3 player to attract the audience with interesting sounds which reveal something about the topic
confusion
write something which will temporarily confuse, but not lose the audience
riddle/joke
starting with a joke or riddle about your topic (not advised for a serious topic
audience participation
use of a couple audience members for a demonstration, have the audience answer some questions aloud or write the answers down (ask for a volunteer before hand)
lectern
a stand for holding a speaker’s notes, the speaker stands behind
(don’t use if your don’t have a manuscript/outline)
podium
a platform that a speaker stands on, helps the audience see the speaker
rules for using a lectern
1- don't touch it 2- dont staple your outline 3- format the outline for easy reading 4-look up and smile 5-you can come around (i.e. when reading excerpts
What makes a good speaker?
see WKST too
Good…
- ideas
- purpose
- material
- consideration
- delivery
- control
- language
- personality
voice characteristics
articulation aspiration pacing range rhythm tempo tone volume
articulation
the act of vocal expression; utterance or enunciation
aspiration
pronounced with audible breath (sounds like your old)
pacing
variation of speed in your delivery
range
performers ability to put variety into a performance by adjusting the pitch and placement of the voice to maintain interest
rhythm
recurring with measure regularity
tempo
the rate of your speech
tone
the quality of a person’s voice (i.e. conventional, nervous, arrogant)
volume
how soft or loud your voice is while speaking; ideally one’s volume should be dynamic
Before making notecards you should…
make an outline with keywords of phrases
How many notecards per a main point?
1-2
How do you alter you notecards so that it is easier to present?
- make the font bigger
- break the cards at a logical point in the speech
- write in delivery notes
What size notecards should you use?
3x5 or 4x6
How do you hold notecards
with one hand
If there is a lectern do not use…
notecards
When using notecards…
Don’t just read! (50% eye contact)
review citations
see WKST
Rules for Citations
- give name and date
- give title
- vary your citation techniques (don’t always say “according to…”)
- Don’t use dictionary definitions if you can use other sources
- establish credibility of a source (relation to the audience)
Faulty methods of persuasion
Logical fallacies
Stereotype Bandwagon Name Calling Testimonial Red Herring Either-Or-Thinking Faulty Cause and Effect
Stereotype
an overgeneralization that does not account for exceptions (i.e. “all juniors look down on freshmen”)
bandwagon
a recommendation that someone should do something because everyone else is doing it (i.e. “Thousands have enjoyed these running shoes, and you will too”)
name calling
criticism of personality or character rather than of ideas (i.e. “what could that back woods bumpkin know about gourmet food? Listen to me instead”)
testimonial
use of a recommendation by someone who has gained authority in an unrelated field (i.e. “Drink Coca Cola; baseball star Roddy North does.”)
red herring
an unrelated second issue used to evade the real issue (i.e “Let’s not discuss repairs to the gym; let’s discuss the quality of the team”)
Either-or thinking
an oversimplification that allows you only two choices (i.e. “if you don’t make a donation, you must not approve of our efforts”)
faulty cause and effect
a statement asserting a false connection between cause and effect (i.e. “you didn’t do your homework. You are not a conscientious person”)
(jumping to conclusion after something occurs)
six parts of the communication model
environment speaker listener message channel response
4 methods of speaking
read
memorized
impromptu
extemporaneous
read speech
a speech given from a written text, written out word for word
Memorized speech
delivered from memory without any notes (written out word for word beforehand)
impromptu speech
delivering a speech or talking without advance warning
extemporaneous speech
speaking from an outline without having memorized the exact wording of the speech
(requires careful planning ahead of time, “conversational” feel, as you practice you use your notes less and less, doesn’t sound memorized)
Four types of interpersonal communication
One-to-one
group discussion
public communication
mass communication
One to one communication
face to face, telephone connection or interviews
group discussion
3+ people with a common purpose
public communication
one or more people communicate with an audience… public speaking
mass communication
one or several senders communicate with a large number of listeners, usually not present
6 types of gestures
describing emphasizing dividing locating approving/rejecting conventional
a describing gesture
the round ball
an emphasizing gesture
use of fist or to point your finger
a dividing gesture
counting on your fingers or separate into groups
a locating gesture
point somewhere, stroke chin
an approving or rejecting gesture
thumbs up or thumbs down
conventional
OK or stop
giving a speech is easy
first you tell them what you are going to tell them. Then you tell them. And then you tell them what you told them
best way to combat stage fright is
to prepare
What is in a mini outline?
topi, general purpose, specific purpose, central idea
Outline must be…
typed
Proper Outline Symbols
I.
A.
1.
Every A must have a
B
Every 1 must have a
2
All of the main points/ sub points should be the same…
type (now word, phrase, sentence)
What tension is normal and even good?
- fear of failure
- desire for success
Tension is psychological. It causes feelings of
inferiority and insecurity
psychological state is causing
physiological changes
Good interviews require you to make
an appt. and questions ahead of time
advantages of read speeches
eloquent language
can be chosen carefully
disadvantages of read speeches
can seem boring when read
speakers tend not to practice enough
limited eye contact
examples of read speeches
pres. speeches
new reel
storytellers reading books
advantages to memorized speeches
lots of eye contact
speaker can mover around easily
disadvantages to memorized speeches
difficult to memorize
easy to forget parts
delivery can sound boring
difficult to make adjustments mid speech
examples of memorized speeches
acting
tour guides
motivational speakers
advantages of impromptu speeches
easy to adjust to audience response
Impromptu speech
must organize ideas quickly focus on main points you want to make jot down key words/phrases (if you can) use examples or personal experiences keep presentations short
disadvantages to impromptu speeches
likely to be less organized
choppy delivery
harder to include supporting material
examples of impromptu speeches
speaking at a public hearing/meeting
presentations for a meeting at work
responding to questions from a teacher
explaining to your parent’s why you are sneaking into the house
advantages of extemporaneous speeches
well organized and researched
natural feel yet still well prepared
disadvantages of extemporaneous speeches
takes time to prepare
takes skill to deliver it well
extemporaneous speech examples
sermon
extemporaneous is the best speech for
least amount of preparation
In an outline at least
3 levels need to be used
On what level can sentences be written?
3rd
broken pencil principal
you can’t break a pencil (or a main point) into one
proxemics
how we use space
four areas of nonverbal communication
appearance
movement
gestures
eye contact (facial expressions)
ideal eye contact
making each person feel as if you are talking to them
facial expressions carry
meaning and mood
pictorialization
gesture that helps paint a picture for the audience
condensing gestures
take place of words
function of gestures
to convey feelings
condensing
pictorialization
to carry aid and meaning
gestures use
arms, hands, head and shoulders
characteristics of gestures
natural definite complete creative properly timed
definite gesture
showing size number or quality
complete gesture
you finish it from beginning to end
movement pattern
zigzag
start: back center
move up to right: during transition
move up to the left: during transition (cont. depending the # of main points)
move up to center for conclusion
