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Public Speaking > Public Speaking > Flashcards

Public Speaking Flashcards

1
Q

abstract

A

A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author.

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2
Q

abstract words

A

Words that refer to ideas or concepts.

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3
Q

acceptance speech

A

A speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.

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4
Q

acronym

A

A word composed of the initial letters or parts of a series of words

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5
Q

active listening

A

Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker’s point of view.

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6
Q

ad hominem fallacy

A

An attempt to discredit a position by attacking the people who favor it.

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7
Q

adrenaline

A

A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress.

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8
Q

after-dinner speech

A

A brief, often humorous, ceremonial speech, presented after a meal, that offers a message without asking for radical changes in attitude or action.

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9
Q

agenda-setting function

A

The work of informative speaking in raising topics to attention and creating a sense of their importance.

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10
Q

agreement

A

The third stage in the persuasive process requires that listeners not only accept the speaker’s recommendations but remember their reasons for doing so.

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11
Q

alliteration

A

Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words.

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12
Q

amplification

A

The art of developing ideas by finding ways to restate them in a speech.

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13
Q

analogical persuasion

A

Creating a strategic perspective on a subject by relating it to something about which the audience has strong positive or negative feelings.

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14
Q

analogical reasoning

A

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

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15
Q

analogous color scheme

A

Colors adjacent on the color wheel; used in a presentation aid to suggest both differences and close relationships among the components represented.

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16
Q

analogy

A

A connection established between two otherwise dissimilar ideas or things.

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17
Q

animation

A

The way objects enter and/or exit a PowerPoint slide.

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18
Q

antithesis

A

A language technique that combines opposing elements in the same sentence or adjoining sentences.

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19
Q

appreciative listening

A

Listening for pleasure or enjoyment.

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20
Q

appreciative phase

A

Phase of listening in which we enjoy the beauty of messages, responding to such factors as the simplicity, balance, and proportion of speeches and the eloquence of their language.

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21
Q

arguments

A

Arrangements of proofs designed to answer key questions that arise in persuasive designs.

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22
Q

articulation

A

The physical production of particular speech sounds.

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23
Q

assimilation

A

The tendency of listeners to interpret the positions of a speaker with whom they agree as closer to their own views than they actually are.

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24
Q

atlas

A

A book of maps.

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25
Q

attitude

A

A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, topic, etc

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26
Q

audience demographics

A

Observable characteristics of listeners, including age, gender, educational level, group affiliations, and sociocultural backgrounds, that the speaker considers when adapting to an audience.

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27
Q

audience dynamics

A

The motivations, attitudes, beliefs, and values that influence the behavior of listeners.

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28
Q

autocratic leader

A

A leader who makes decisions without consultation, issues orders or gives direction, and controls the members of the group through the use of rewards or punishments.

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29
Q

award presentation

A

A speech of tribute that recognizes achievements of the award recipient, explains the nature of the award, and describes why the recipient qualifies for the award.

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30
Q

awareness

A

This first stage in the persuasive process includes knowing about a problem, paying attention to it, and understanding how it affects our lives.

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31
Q

balance

A

Achieving a balance among the major parts of a presentation.

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32
Q

bandwagon

A

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

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33
Q

bar graph

A

A graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items.

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34
Q

begging the question

A

Assuming that an argument has been proved without actually presenting the evidence.

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35
Q

beliefs

A

Ideas we express about subjects that may explain our attitudes towards them.

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36
Q

bibliography

A

A list of all the sources used in preparing a speech.

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37
Q

Bill of Rights

A

The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.

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38
Q

biographical aid

A

A reference work that provides information about people.

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39
Q

body

A

The middle part of a speech, used to develop the main ideas.

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40
Q

body language

A

Communication achieved using facial expressions, eye contact, movements, and gestures

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41
Q

bookmark

A

A feature in a Web browser that stores links to Web sites so they can be easily revisited.

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42
Q

boomerang effect

A

An audience’s hostile reaction to a speech advocating too much or too radical change.

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43
Q

brainstorming

A

A method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts.

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44
Q

brief example

A

A specific instance illustrating a more general idea.

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45
Q

briefing

A

A short, informative presentation given in an organizational setting.

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46
Q

bulleted list

A

A presentation aid that highlights themes by presenting them in a list of brief statements.

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47
Q

burden of proof

A

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

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48
Q

call number

A

A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.

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49
Q

call the question

A

A motion that proposes to end the discussion on a motion and to bring it to a vote.

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50
Q

catalogue

A

A listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library.

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51
Q

categorical design

A

The use of natural or traditional divisions within a subject as a way of structuring an informative speech.

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52
Q

casual order

A

A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship.

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53
Q

casual reasoning

A

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

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54
Q

causation design

A

A pattern for an informative speech that shows how one condition generates, or is generated by, another.

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55
Q

central idea

A

A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.

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56
Q

ceremonial speech

A

(ceremonial speech) Speaking that celebrates special occasions. Common forms are speeches of tribute, inspiration, eulogies, toasts, introduction, making and accepting awards, and the after-dinner speech. Their deeper function is to share identities and reinforce values that unite people into communities.

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57
Q

channel

A

The means by which a message is communicated.

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58
Q

chart

A

A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form.

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59
Q

chronological design

A

Pattern of speech organization that follows a sequence of important events in relating the history of a subject or predicting its future.

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60
Q

chronological order

A

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.

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61
Q

claims

A

Conclusions that go beyond factual statements to make judgments about their subjects.

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62
Q

cliche

A

A trite or overused expression.

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63
Q

clip art

A

Pictures and symbols that represent common objects, processes, and ideas.

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64
Q

clutter

A

Discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea.

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65
Q

co-active approach

A

A way of approaching reluctant audiences in which the speaker attempts to establish goodwill, emphasizes shared values, and sets modest goals for persuasion.

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66
Q

cognitive restructuring

A

The process of replacing negative thoughts with positive, constructive ones.

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67
Q

collaborative problem solving

A

In group communication, an approach that gathers participants from separate areas of the public or private sectors for their input on a problem.

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68
Q

commemorative speech

A

A speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea.

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69
Q

communication apprehension

A

Anxiety or fear experienced before and during public speaking.

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70
Q

communication environment

A

The setting in which communication occurs, including both physical and psychological factors.

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71
Q

comparative advantages order

A

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker’s solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

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72
Q

comparative design

A

A pattern for an informative speech that relates an unfamiliar subject to something the audience already knows or understands.

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73
Q

comparison

A

A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

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74
Q

comparison and contrast

A

An informative speech design that points out similarities and differences between subjects or ideas.

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75
Q

competence

A

The speaker’s appearance of being informed, intelligent, and well prepared.

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76
Q

complementary color scheme

A

Colors opposite one another on the color wheel; used in a presentation aid to suggest tension and opposition among various elements.

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77
Q

comprehensive phase

A

Phase of listening in which we focus on, understand, and interpret spoken messages.

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78
Q

comprehensive listening

A

Listening to understand the message of a speaker.

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79
Q

computer-assisted presentation

A

The use of commercial presentation software to join audio, visual, text, graphic, and animated components.

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80
Q

concept

A

A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like.

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81
Q

concrete words

A

Words that refer to tangible objects.

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82
Q

confusion of fact and opinion

A

A misuse of evidence in persuasive speaking in which personal opinions are offered as though they were objective facts, or facts are dismissed as though they were mere opinion.

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83
Q

connective

A

A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them.

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84
Q

connotative meaning

A

The emotional, subjective, personal meaning that certain words can evoke in listeners.

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85
Q

consensus

A

A group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group.

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86
Q

constructive listening

A

The role of the listener in the creation of meaning. Involves discovering the speaker’s intention, tracing out the implications and consequences of the message, and applying the message to one’s life.

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87
Q

contrast

A

A statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

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88
Q

contrast effect

A

A tendency by listeners to distort the positions of a speaker with whom they disagree and to interpret those positions as even more distant from their own opinions than they actually are.

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89
Q

conversational quality

A

Presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed.

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90
Q

coordination

A

The requirement that statements equal in importance be placed on the same level in an outline.

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91
Q

creating common ground

A

A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.

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92
Q

creditability

A

The audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

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93
Q

crescendo ending

A

A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity.

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94
Q

criteria

A

Standards on which a judgment or decision can be based.

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95
Q

critical listening

A

The careful analysis and evaluation of message content.

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96
Q

critical thinking

A

Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion.

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97
Q

critique

A

An evaluation of a speech.

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98
Q

cultural gridlock

A

Occurs when the cultural differences in a group are so profound that the varying agendas, priorities, customs, and procedures create tensions that block constructive discussion.

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99
Q

cultural sensitivity

A

The respectful, appreciative awareness of the diversity within an audience.

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100
Q

culturetypes

A

Terms that express the values and goals of a group’s culture.

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101
Q

debate

A

The clash of opposing ideas, evaluations and policy proposals on a subject of concern.

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102
Q

decoding process

A

The process by which the listener determines the meaning of the speaker’s message and decides the speaker’s intent.

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103
Q

deductive reasoning

A

A form of thinking that begins with a generally accepted truth, connects an issue with that truth, and draws a conclusion based on the connection.

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104
Q

definition

A

A translation of an unfamiliar word into understandable terms.

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105
Q

deliberation

A

Allowing all sides to express their opinions before a decision is made.

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106
Q

delivery cues

A

Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech.

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107
Q

demagogues

A

Political speakers who try to inflame feelings without regard to the accuracy or adequacy of their claims in order to promote their own agendas.

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108
Q

demographic audience analysis

A

Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religious orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background.

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109
Q

denotative meaning

A

The dictionary definition or objective meaning of a word.

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110
Q

derived credibility

A

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech.

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111
Q

description

A

A statement that depicts a person, event, idea, and the like with clarity and vividness.

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112
Q

designated leader

A

A person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed.

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113
Q

dialect

A

A speech pattern associated with an area of the country or with a cultural or ethnic background.

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114
Q

dialogue group

A

A group assembled to explore the underlying assumptions of a problem but not necessarily to solve it.

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115
Q

direct quotation

A

Repeating the exact words of another to support a point.

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116
Q

discriminative phase

A

Phase of listening in which we detect the vital sounds of spoken communication.

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117
Q

disinformation

A

Communication that offers what appears to be information, but that actually deceives listeners and impedes their understanding.

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118
Q

dissolve ending

A

A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement.

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119
Q

dyad

A

A group of two people.

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120
Q

dynamism

A

The impact made on listeners when they perceive a speaker as confident, decisive, and enthusiastic.

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121
Q

egocentrism

A

Holding the view that one’s own experiences and thoughts are the norm.

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122
Q

either-or

A

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

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123
Q

electronic brainstorming

A

A group technique in which participants generate ideas in computer chat groups or by email.

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124
Q

emergent leader

A

A group member who emerges as a leader during the group’s deliberations.

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125
Q

empathic phase

A

Phase of listening in which we suspend judgment, allow speakers to be heard, and try to see things from their points of view.

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126
Q

emphatic listening

A

Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker.

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127
Q

empirical

A

A form of thinking that emphasizes the close inspection of reality.

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128
Q

enactment

A

The fourth stage of the persuasive process in which listeners take appropriate action as the result of their agreement.

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129
Q

encoding process

A

The process by which the speaker combines words, tones, and gestures to convey thought and feelings to the audience.

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130
Q

enduring metaphors

A

Metaphors of unusual power and popularity that are based on experience that lasts across time and that crosses many cultural boundaries.

131
Q

enunciation

A

The manner in which individual words are articulated and pronounced in context.

132
Q

ethical decisions

A

Sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.

133
Q

ethics

A

The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.

134
Q

ethnocentrism

A

The belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.

135
Q

ethos

A

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.

136
Q

eulogy

A

A speech of tribute presented upon a person’s death.

137
Q

event

A

Anything that happens or is regarded as happening.

138
Q

evidence

A

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.

139
Q

example

A

A specific case used to illustrate or to represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.

140
Q

expanded conversational style

A

A presentational quality that, while more formal than everyday conversation, preserves its directness and spontaneity.

141
Q

expert testimony

A

Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields.

142
Q

explanations

A

A combination of facts and statistics to clarify a topic or process mentioned in a speech.

143
Q

extemporaneous speech

A

A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.

144
Q

extemporaneous presentation

A

(extemporaneous speaking) A form of presentation in which a speech, although carefully prepared and practiced, is not written out or memorized.

145
Q

extended example

A

A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.

146
Q

eye contact

A

Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person.

147
Q

facts and statistics

A

Items of information that can be used to illustrate and prove points made by the speaker. When expressed numerically, such information appears in statistics.

148
Q

factual example

A

An illustration based on something that actually happened or that really exists.

149
Q

fair use

A

A provision of copyright law that permits students and teachers to use portions of copyrighted materials for educational purposes.

150
Q

fallacy

A

An error in reasoning.

151
Q

false cause

A

An error in causal reasoning in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second. This error is often known by its Latin name, post hoc, ergo propter hoc, meaning ‘after this, therefore because of this.’

152
Q

false analogy

A

A comparison drawn between things that are dissimilar in some important way.

153
Q

feedback

A

The audience’s immediate response to a speaker.

154
Q

figurative analogy

A

A comparison made between things that belong to different fields.

155
Q

figurative language

A

The use of words in certain surprising and unusual ways in order to magnify the power of their meaning.

156
Q

filtering

A

Listening to only part of a message, the part the listener wants to hear.

157
Q

fixed-alternative questions

A

Questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives.

158
Q

flawed statistical comparisons

A

Statistical reasoning that offers fallacious conclusions by comparing unequal and unlike situations.

159
Q

flow chart

A

A visual method of representing power and responsibility relationships.

160
Q

font

A

A complete set of type of the same design.

161
Q

formal outline

A

The final outline in a process leading from the first rough ideas for a speech to the finished product.

162
Q

frame of reference

A

The sum of a person’s knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.

163
Q

free-reign leader

A

A leader who leaves members free to decide what, how, and when to act, offering no guidance.

164
Q

gazetteer

A

A geographical dictionary.

165
Q

gender stereotyping

A

Generalizations based on oversimplified or outmoded assumptions about gender and gender roles.

166
Q

general encyclopedia

A

A comprehensive reference work that provides information about all branches of human knowledge.

167
Q

general purpose

A

The broad goal of a speech.

168
Q

generic ‘he’

A

The use of ‘he’ to refer to both women and men.

169
Q

gestures

A

Motions of a speaker’s hands or arms during a speech.

170
Q

global plagiarism

A

Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one’s own.

171
Q

good form

A

A primary principle of structure, based on simplicity, symmetry, and orderliness.

172
Q

goodwill

A

The audience’s perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind.

173
Q

graph

A

A visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns.

174
Q

graphics

A

Visual representations of information.

175
Q

great expectation fallacy

A

The mistaken idea that major change can be accomplished by a single persuasive effort.

176
Q

groupthink

A

Occurs when a single, uncritical frame of mind dominates group thinking and prevents the full, objective analysis of specific problems.

177
Q

habitual pitch

A

The level at which people speak most frequently.

178
Q

hasty generalization

A

An error in reasoning from specific instances, in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

179
Q

hearing

A

The vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain.

180
Q

hidden agenda

A

A set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole.

181
Q

hypothetical example

A

An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation or event.

182
Q

identification

A

A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences.

183
Q

ideographs

A

Words that convey in a compressed way a group’s basic political faith or system of beliefs.

184
Q

imagery

A

The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas.

185
Q

immediacy

A

A quality of successful communication achieved when the speaker and audience experience a sense of closeness.

186
Q

implied leader

A

A group member to whom other members defer because of her or his rank, expertise, or other quality.

187
Q

impromptu speech

A

A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.

188
Q

inclusive language

A

Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors.

189
Q

incremental plagiarism

A

Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people.

190
Q

inflections

A

Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker’s voice.

191
Q

information cards

A

Records of facts and ideas obtained from an article or book used in research.

192
Q

informative speech

A

A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding.

193
Q

informative value

A

A measure of how much new and important information or understanding a speech conveys to an audience.

194
Q

initial credibility

A

The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak.

195
Q

inoculation effect

A

Preparing an audience for an opposing argument by answering it before listeners have been exposed to it.

196
Q

integrity

A

The quality of being ethical, honest, and dependable.

197
Q

interference

A

Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners.

198
Q

internal preview

A

A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.

199
Q

internal summary

A

Reminding listeners of major points already presented in a speech before proceeding to new ideas.

200
Q

introduction

A

The first part of a speech, intended to gain the audience’s attention and to prepare them for the rest of the presentation.

201
Q

invalid analogy

A

An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

202
Q

inversion

A

Changing the normal order of words to make statements memorable and emphatic.

203
Q

invisible Web

A

The multitude of Web databases and other resources that are not indexed by search engines.

204
Q

jargon

A

The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group.

205
Q

key-word outline

A

An outline that briefly notes a speaker’s main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form.

206
Q

kinesics

A

The study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication

207
Q

lay testimony

A

Information that is derived from the firsthand experience of ordinary citizens.

208
Q

leadership

A

The ability to influence group members so as to help achieve the goals of the group.

209
Q

likeableness

A

The quality of radiating goodness and goodwill and inspiring audience affection in return.

210
Q

line graph

A

A graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space.

211
Q

listener

A

The person who receives the speaker’s message.

212
Q

listening

A

Paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.

213
Q

literal analogy

A

A comparison made between subjects within the same field.

214
Q

logos

A

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

215
Q

magnification

A

A speaker’s selecting and emphasizing certain qualities of a subject to stress the values they represent.

216
Q

main motion

A

A proposal that would commit a group to some specific action or declaration.

217
Q

main points

A

The major points developed in the body of a speech.

218
Q

maintenance needs

A

Communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group.

219
Q

malapropisms

A

Language errors that occur when a word is confused with another word that sounds like it.

220
Q

manuscript speech

A

A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience.

221
Q

marking

A

Adding a gender reference when none is needed-e.g., “a woman doctor.”

222
Q

master of ceremonies

A

A person who coordinates an event or program, sets its mood, introduces participants, provides transitions, and may also present awards.

223
Q

maxims

A

Brief and particularly apt sayings.

224
Q

mean

A

The average value of a group of numbers.

225
Q

median

A

The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.

226
Q

memorized text presentations

A

Speeches that are committed to memory and delivered word for word.

227
Q

mental dialogue with the audience

A

The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

228
Q

message

A

Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else.

229
Q

metaphor

A

An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word ‘like’ or ‘as,’ between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common.

230
Q

metasearch engine

A

A search aid that sends a researcher’s request to several search engines at the same time.

231
Q

mirror questions

A

Questions that repeat part of a previous response to encourage further discussion.

232
Q

mode

A

The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.

233
Q

model

A

An object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail.

234
Q

monotone

A

A constant pitch or tone of voice.

235
Q

Monroe’s motivated sequence

A

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

236
Q

motion

A

Formal proposal for group consideration.

237
Q

motivated sequence design

A

A persuasive speech design that proceeds by arousing attention, demonstrating a need, satisfying the need, visualizing results, and calling for action.

238
Q

motivation

A

Internal forces that impel action and direct human behavior toward specific goals.

239
Q

mountain graph

A

A variation of a line graph in which different colors are used to fill in the areas above and below the line(s).

240
Q

move to amend

A

move that offers the opportunity to modify a motion presently under discussion.

241
Q

multimedia presentation

A

A speech that uses computer software to combine several kinds of visual and/or audio aids in the same talk.

242
Q

multisided presentation

A

A speech in which the speaker’s position is compared favorably to other positions.

243
Q

myth of the mean

A

The deceptive use of statistical averages in speeches.

244
Q

mythos

A

A form of proof that connects a subject to the culture and tradition of a group through the use of narratives.

245
Q

name-calling

A

The use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups.

246
Q

narrative

A

A story used to illustrate some important truth about a speaker’s topic.

247
Q

need

A

The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

248
Q

non sequitur fallacy

A

A deductive error occurring when conclusions are drawn improperly from the premises that precede them.

249
Q

nonverbal communication

A

Communication based on a person’s use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words.

250
Q

object

A

Anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form.

251
Q

onomatopoeia

A

The use of words that sound like the subjects they signify.

252
Q

open-ended questions

A

Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.

253
Q

optimum pitch

A

The level at which people can produce their strongest voice with minimal effort and that allows variation up and down the musical scale.

254
Q

oral report

A

A speech presenting the findings, conclusions, decisions, etc., of a small group.

255
Q

order

A

A consistent pattern used to develop a speech.

256
Q

panel discussion

A

A structured conversation on a given topic among several people in front of an audience.

257
Q

parallel

A

Wording an outline’s main points in the same way in order to emphasize their importance and to help the audience remember them.

258
Q

parallelism

A

The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.

259
Q

paraphrase

A

To restate or summarize an author’s ideas in one’s own words.

260
Q

parliamentary procedure

A

A set of formal rules that establishes an order of business for meetings and encourages the orderly, fair, and full consideration of proposals during group deliberation.

261
Q

participative leader

A

A leader who seeks input from group members and gives them an active role in decision-making.

262
Q

patchwork plagiarism

A

Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one’s own

263
Q

pathos

A

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.

264
Q

pause

A

A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech.

265
Q

peer testimony

A

Testimony from ordinary people with first-hand experience or insight on a topic.

266
Q

periodical database

A

A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines.

267
Q

personalize

A

To present one’s ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience.

268
Q

personification

A

A figure of speech in which nonhuman or abstract subjects are given human qualities.

269
Q

persuasion

A

The art of convincing others to give favorable attention to our point of view.

270
Q

persuasive speech

A

A speech designed to change or reinforce the audience’s attitudes, beliefs or actions.

271
Q

pictographs

A

On a chart, a visual image symbolizing the information it represents.

272
Q

pie graphs

A

A graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns.

273
Q

pitch

A

The position of a human voice on the musical scale.

274
Q

plagiarism

A

Presenting another person’s language or ideas as one’s own.

275
Q

plan

A

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

276
Q

positive nervousness

A

Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation.

277
Q

post hoc fallacy

A

A deductive error in which one event is assumed to be the cause of another simply because the first preceded the second.

278
Q

postpone consideration

A

(move to postpone consideration) A motion that defers discussion until some specified time when necessary information will be available.

279
Q

practicality

A

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker’s plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

280
Q

precision

A

Using information that is closely and carefully related to the specific purpose and context of a speech; particularly important when a topic varies widely in application.

281
Q

preliminary bibliography

A

A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.

282
Q

preliminary tuning effect

A

The effect of previous speeches or other situational factors in predisposing an audience to respond positively or negatively to a speech.

283
Q

preparation outline

A

A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.

284
Q

prepersuasive function

A

The way in which informative speaking shapes listeners’ perceptions, preparing them for later persuasive speeches on a topic.

285
Q

PREP Formula

A

An outlining technique for an impromptu speech: state a point, give a reason or example, and restate the point.

286
Q

presentation

A

The act of offering a speech to an audience, integrating the skills of nonverbal communication, especially body language, with the speech content.

287
Q

presentation

A

A PowerPoint file containing all the slides for a given speech.

288
Q

presentation aids

A

Supplemental materials used to enhance the effectiveness and clarity of a presentation.

289
Q

prestige testimony

A

Information coming from a person who is highly regarded but not necessarily an expert on a topic.

290
Q

preview

A

The part of the introduction that identifies the main points to be developed in the body of the speech and presents an overview of the speech to follow.

291
Q

principle of closure

A

The need for a satisfactory end or conclusion to a speech.

292
Q

principle of proximity

A

The idea that things occurring together in time or space should be presented in the order in which they normally happen.

293
Q

principle of similarity

A

The principle that like things should be grouped together.

294
Q

probes

A

Questions that ask an expert to elaborate on a response.

295
Q

problem-cause-solution order

A

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

296
Q

problem-solution design

A

A persuasive speech pattern in which listeners are first persuaded that they have a problem and then are shown how to solve it.

297
Q

problem-solution order

A

A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

298
Q

problem-solving small group

A

A small group formed to solve a particular problem.

299
Q

procedural needs

A

Routine ‘housekeeping’ actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group.

300
Q

process

A

A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product.

301
Q

pronunciation

A

The use of correct sounds and of proper stress or accent on syllables in saying words.

302
Q

proof

A

An interpretation of evidence that provides a good reason for listeners to agree with the speaker.

303
Q

proxemics

A

The study of how human beings use space during communication.

304
Q

qualifiers

A

Words that suggest the degree of confidence a speaker has in the conclusion of his or her argument.

305
Q

question of fact

A

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

306
Q

question of policy

A

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

307
Q

question of value

A

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

308
Q

quoting out of context

A

Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the
statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.

309
Q

rate

A

The speed at which a person speaks.

310
Q

reasoning

A

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

311
Q

reasoning from principle

A

Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

312
Q

reasoning from specific instances

A

Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion.

313
Q

receiver apprehension

A

Fear of misinterpreting, inadequately processing and/or not being able to adjust
psychologically to messages sent by others.

314
Q

recency

A

Ensuring that the information in a speech is the latest that can be provided.

315
Q

red herring fallacy

A

The use of irrelevant material to divert attention.

316
Q

reference work

A

A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by
researchers.

317
Q

reflective-thinking method

A

A five-step method for directing discussion in a problem-solving small group.

318
Q

refutative design

A

A persuasive speech design in which the speaker tries to raise doubts about,
damage, or destroy an opposing position.

319
Q

reinforcer

A

A comment or action that encourages further communication from someone being
interviewed.

320
Q

reliability

A

The trustworthiness of information critical to the credibility of a speech.

321
Q

reluctant testimony

A

Highly credible form of supporting material in which sources of evidence speak
against their apparent self-interest.

322
Q

reluctant witness

A

Those who offer reluctant testimony; i.e., they speak against their apparent self interest.

323
Q

repetition

A

Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive
clauses or sentences.

Public Speaking (1 decks)

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