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Public Policy > Public Policy > Flashcards

Public Policy Flashcards

1
Q

What are public issues?

A

addresses entire population or mass amounts of people

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2
Q

What are positive and negative externalities with examples?

A

production or consumption of a good or service generates benefits or downsides for third parties not directly involved

Negative –> second-hand smoke from cigarette production

Positive –> education can lead to production in communities as a whole

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3
Q

What are the 8 steps in Eugene Bardach’s 8 Fold Path?

A
  1. Problem defined
  2. Evidence
  3. Alternatives
  4. Criteria
  5. Project outcomes
  6. Trade-offs
  7. Decide
  8. Story
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4
Q

What is an example of a trade-off?

A

Immigration restrictions make more job openings but businesses that depend on immigrant workers make struggle

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5
Q

What is the debate of Commensurability?

A

whether all values can be reduced to a single metric, or if some values cannot be measured against each other such as human lives

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6
Q

Executive branches role in policy making?

A

Carries out and enforces the laws passed by Congress

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7
Q

Legislative branches role in policy making?

A

Draft, debate, and vote on propose laws creating new policies through legislation

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8
Q

Judicial branches role in policy making?

A

interprets the constitutionality of the laws and actions taken by the other two branches through judicial review

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9
Q

What is federalism?

A

Separation of power between the federal, states, and city governments

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10
Q

Most important actors in agenda setting according to John Kingdon

A

Policy entrepreneurs, interest groups, and elected officials

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11
Q

Most important actors in identifying alternatives according to John Kingdon

A

Policy analysists, researchers, and other experts

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12
Q

Democratic Majoritarianism vs. Pluralist theory vs. Elite theory:

A
  • preferences of the majority of citizens
  • influenced by the competing interests of various groups in society
  • argues that policy is largely shaped by a small group of wealthy and powerful individuals.
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13
Q

Interest groups and their relation to Martin Gilens and Benjamin Page’s concept of “elite-biased pluralism”:

A

suggests that policy outcomes are heavily influenced by the preferences of the wealthy and business elites, and interest groups are a key means by which these groups exert their influence.

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14
Q

2nd and 3rd faces of power, according to Steven Lukes:

A
  1. get others to do what you want
  2. shape the preferences of others
  3. prevent issues from being raised or considered at all
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15
Q

Martin Gilens and Benjamin Page’s findings on the most important influences on policy. Relation to elite bias in policy making:

A

preferences of the wealthy and business elites were the most important factor in shaping policy outcomes

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16
Q

Dylan Matthews’ criticisms of Gilens and Page:

A

the influence of interest groups and other factors are more complex and nuanced than Gilens and Page suggest. Social movement organizations as political actors.

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17
Q

what are social movements?

A

groups of individuals who come together to promote social or political change.

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18
Q

Doug McAdam when social movements are most likely to be successful. Application to a contemporary social movement:

A

1 . Clear and specific goal
2. Strong leadership
3. Organized
4. Mobilized supporters
5. Alliances with other groups

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19
Q

What are big money networks?

A

interconnected web of wealthy individuals, corporations, and interest groups who use their wealth and resources to influence policy outcomes.

20
Q

Koch Network vs. DA network

A

The Democracy Alliance supports the left, has less influence and power due to the lack of organization and common values. Koch brothers are more successful due to better organization and focus on the same common values.

21
Q

What are Political Action Committees (PACS?)

A

organizations that raise and spend money to influence elections and policy outcomes

22
Q

Garbage can theory of decision making?

A

policymaking is a messy process in which problems, solutions, and decision-makers are often mixed together in a “garbage can” of possibilities. Decisions are made through a combination of chance and strategic action, rather than through a rational, linear process.

23
Q

What are policy windows?

A

opportunities for policy change that open under certain conditions

24
Q

What 3 “streams” produce policy windows according to John Kingdon?

A
  1. Problem stream –> emergence of an issue
  2. Policy stream –> creation of potential solutions
  3. Political stream –> alignment of political forces and preferences
25
Q

What are policy entrepreneurs?

A

individuals or groups who work to shape the policy agenda and promote specific policy solutions.

26
Q

What are advocacy coalitions? example?

A

groups of actors who share similar beliefs and work together to influence outcomes

healthcare policy where groups represent patients, workers, insurers, and more

27
Q

3 Problems in maintaining advocacy coalitions

A
  1. Differences in goals
  2. Differences in strategies
  3. Differences in priorities
28
Q

Types of narratives that appear frequently in political communications

A
  1. Heroic stories
  2. Victim stories
  3. Morality tales (right vs wrong)
29
Q

Synecdoche

A

In political communications, synecdoche can be used to simplify complex issues and make them more relatable to the general public.

example: “in the wrong hands”

30
Q

Be able to define and give an example of issue framing

A

presenting a policy problem in a particular way that shapes how people think about and respond to it.

healthcare shaping less about the money aspect and more about how people’s health is at risk

31
Q

Be able to give an example of policy creating politics

A

The overturning of Roe v. Wade created a new generation of both pro life and pro choice advocates

32
Q

How policies can strengthen and weaken interest groups as political actors?

A
  • strengthen by creating new opportunities and mobilization
  • weakens them by reducing the importance of their issues or creating competing interests
33
Q

What are policy regimes?

A

dominant patterns of policy-making in specific issue or period of time shaped by instructional structures, cultural norms, and interest groups

34
Q

Be able to argue whether the U.S. is moving from a neoliberal to a nationalist-populist policy regime, including discussion of John Judis’s analysis:

A

John Judis has argued that the U.S. is experiencing a shift from a neoliberal policy regime, characterized by free market economics and globalization, to a nationalist-populist regime that prioritizes national sovereignty and protectionist policies. This shift can be seen in recent political developments such as the election of Donald Trump and the rise of populist movements on both the left and the right.

35
Q

Reasons why comprehensive immigration reform failed and whether and why the policy window is currently closed or open?

A

including political polarization, competing interests among stakeholders, and lack of political will.

Closed due to the focus on other policy issues, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and economic recovery

36
Q

Is gun control legislation possible under the 2nd amendment according to the Heller decision?

A

affirmed an individual’s right to bear arms but also left room for regulation of firearms

37
Q

Reasons for the power of the National Rifle Association and how this relates to Gilens and Page

A

power interest group that successfully shaped public opinions and influence on policy through grassroot mobilizing, financal resources, and ability to frame the issue around freedom. This is consistent with page and gilens elite-biased pluralism

38
Q

How serious is the college affordability problem and be able to discuss different approaches to solving it based on Steven Brint’s reading

A

significant issue in the United States

Brint suggests increasing public funding for higher education, improving financial aid programs, and providing greater support for non-traditional students.

39
Q

The Green New Deal vs. The Drawdown Project. Which fits Bardach’s model better?

A

Both aim and address climate change

The Green New deal fits better

40
Q

Cause of climate change and 3 potential high-impact solutions

A
  • Fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial agriculture

Policies to reduce emissions, restoration campaigns, renewable energy source transition

41
Q

Be able to discuss tractability, statute quality, and the political environment as influences on implementation, according to Paul Sabatier and David Mazmanian:

A

Tractability: degree to which policy problems can be addressed through a specific policy intervention.

Statute –> clarity and specificity of policy language and how easy it can be translated into action.

The political environment, including factors such as public opinion and interest group influence, can also influence the success of policy implementation.

42
Q

Be able to relate to Sabatier and Mazmanian’s framework to the Oakland public works case study of Jeffrey Pressman and Aaron Wildavsky:

A

The Oakland public works case study illustrates the challenges of policy implementation, including conflicting goals and interests, unclear lines of authority, and resistance from stakeholders. Sabatier and Mazmanian’s framework can help to explain these challenges by highlighting the importance of tractability, statute quality, and the political environment in shaping policy outcomes.

43
Q

Backward mapping

A

Backward mapping involves working backwards from the desired policy outcomes to identify the steps necessary to achieve them.

44
Q

pre-implementation consultation

A

Pre-implementation consultation involves engaging stakeholders and experts in the policy development process to ensure that policies are designed to meet their needs and concerns.

45
Q

implementation plans

A

Implementation plans involve developing detailed plans and procedures for implementing policies, including timelines, budgets, and accountability measures.

46
Q

How does implementation plans and pre-implementation consultation help improve policy?

A

improve policy implementation by increasing stakeholder buy-in, promoting transparency, and improving the accuracy of policy design.

Public Policy (1 decks)

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