Public Health Response in Health Crisis and Disasters Flashcards

Question

What dimensions is humanitarian access divided into?

Answer 1

1. Access of ppl in need to aid 2. Access of humanitarian actors to affected pop 3. Physical & security constraints

Answer 2

* denial of existence of humanitarian needs or entitlements to assistance - restriction & blocking of access to services & assistance

Answer 3

* impediments to entry into country (bureaucractic & administrative) - restriction of movement - interference into implementation of humanitarian activities - violence against personnel, facilities, assets

Answer 4

* Ongoing **insecurity** affecting hum assistance - presence of **mines** & improvised explosive devices - **physical constraints in environment** (obstacles related to terrain, climate, lack of infrastructure)

Answer 5

practice in which patients actively participate in their own medical treatment in close cooperation with their health professionals.

Answer 6

* Improves effectiveness - Costs less - Improves health literacy - Patient engagement - Better prep to respond to health crises

Answer 7

* Rapid deployment of mobile clinics, vaccination drives & emergency care during crises - Fill gaps where local hc system is overwhelmed or destroyed

Answer 8

* can create parallel systems that undermine local services - can focus on short-term needs over long-term sustainability

Answer 9

* brings in skilled int health workers for urgent care - supports training for local staff in crisis response

Answer 10

* Dependency risk: local staff might leave public roles to work with bettr paid agencies - disruption of long-term workforce planning

Answer 11

* improved **data collection** in emergencies (e.g. surveillance, needs assessment) - introduction of **digital health tools** or **standardized reporting systems**

Answer 12

* data can be fragmented or not integrated into national systems - multiple NGOs might use incompatible systems, reducing efficiency

Answer 13

* swift supply of drugs, vaccines & med equipment in emergencies - fills supply gaps in war-torn or disaster hit areas

Answer 14

* donated drugs may not align with national formularies or storage capabilities - over-reliance on external sources can weaken local supply chains

Answer 15

* Emergency funds can inject much-needed cash into fragile systems - free care during crises reduces financial barriers for affected populations

Answer 16

* unpredicatble & short-term funding may not support systemic improvements - can divert funds away from national systems or distort local budgets

Answer 17

* technical support to MoH for crisis coordination & planning - enhances global advocacy & visibility for health issues

Answer 18

* can undermine local ownership if aid actors bypass national authorities - multiple actors may create confusion or duplication of efforts

Answer 19

- poor governance - insecurity - poverty - weak instiutitonal capacity - +/- armed conflict

Answer 20

set of international rules of which individuals & groups can expect/claim benefits or behaviour from governments.

Answer 21

* binds state relationships with individuals * protects freedom & dignity * applies during peace & war

Answer 22

* base for assistance * to negotiate space * to help governments live up to its responsibility in times of crisis

Answer 23

* should be part of national legislation & protected by national courts * High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) * Human Treaty Bodies

Answer 24

* Refugee = outside country of origin * has well founded fear of persecution for reasons of **nationality, religion, political opinion, race** or **membership** of a particular social group * is lacking **national** protection

Answer 25

* Not (yet) crossed int border * states apply refugee law standards but HR & IHL standards are applicable to IDPs * IDPs don't have a UN agency specificially mandated to protect them * IOM & sometimes UNHCR

Answer 26

* law to save lives & alleviate suffering during armed conflict * rules of war * only during (inter)national armed conflict * limits methods & means of warfare but doesnt prohibit war * tool for organisations that provide int humanitarian assistance

Answer 27

* **Distinction**: combatants vs protected ppl * **Proportionality**: no unncessary civilian suffering * **Protects**: objects indispensable for survival e.g. food & medical care * **Protects**: medical equipment & personnel

Answer 28

* IHL refers to warring parties responsibiloity to give **space** to humanitarian organisations * Requires organisation is & is perceived as **neutral** * Not part of the warfare-fighting

Answer 29

- Humanity - Impartiality - Neutrality - Independence

Answer 30

* All human beings born free & equal in dignity & rights * Human suffering must be addressed wherever found * Protect life & health & ensure respect for human beings

Answer 31

* Assistance in accordance with needs & in proportion to needs * Making no distinctions on basis of nationality, race, gender, religion, class, political opinions

Answer 32

Not taking sides in armed conflict: * for access * for space to implement assistance * shouldn't be confused with impartiality

Answer 33

* Each states responsibility to **take care** of victims of disaster/emergencies * Affected state has primary role in **initiation, organisation, coordination & implementation** of hum assistance within territory

Answer 34

* There isn't one, instead invitation by disaster struck country * No strict regulations for disaster response * but WHO has EMT system

Answer 35

- donor governments - institutions & foundations - public

Answer 36

* Code of conduct for int red cross & red crescent movement & NGOs in disas relief * SPHERE * EMT standards

Answer 37

health actors able to effectively **anticipate, prevent, prepare for, absorb & adapt & recover** from shocks & stressors while **delivering high quality individual & population health services** & using lessons learned

Answer 38

* Increased **immunisation coverage** * Invest in all hazard & CC resilient health facilities * Preparedness capacities & plans * Community engageemnt * from international --> national EMT

Answer 39

* constraints in working with health authorities/governments not protecting own pop * deliberate attacks on HC * Recurrent deterioration in security, access * Low national capacities for UHC * Dependency on external resources

Answer 40

* Build on local system & capacities * Joint M&E * Community engagement * Training of health workers with MoH * Increased immunisation coverage * Prep capacities & plans with local health authorities & communities * Diversify donors

Answer 41

* Diarrheal diseases * Respiratory tract infections * Measels * Malaria * Malnutrition

Answer 42

* Immediate life-saving care * WASH * Food & nutrition security * Shelter & site planning * Prevention of CDs * MH & Psychosocial Support * Continuity of Essential Health Services * Protection of Vulnerable Groups

Answer 43

* enough * accessible * clean * standards??

Answer 44

* Excreta disposal * waste-water disposal * vecotr control * management of dead bodies * standards???

Answer 45

* Washing & shower - facilities available & functioning * ensure basic understanding of hygiene at community level & in health facilities

Answer 46

* Water-borne diseases (e.g. cholera, diarrheal diseases) * Vector borne diseases * Chemical contamination * Dehydration * Skin & eye infections

Answer 47

* Vector control * Personal hygiene * Chlorine tablets * Know common diseases in context - take specific preventive measures * Avoid open defecation * Proper waste management * Safe water sources

Answer 48

* 2.100 Kcal/person/day * Micro- & macro nutrients * Cooking pots & other storage needed * Fire woods * Treatment of acute malnutrition

Answer 49

* Acute malnutrition * Micro-nutrient deficiency

Answer 50

* Acute respiratory infections (ARI) - Lack of proper shelter, crowding * Crowding - spread of CDs (e.g. Measles, TB, flu, etc) * Violence, GBV, STI, HIV

Answer 51

* Human resources * Coordination: avoid overlapping & gaps

Answer 52

* Cardiovascular diseases * Chronic respiratory diseases * Cancer * Diabetes * Mental health conditions

Answer 53

* Unhealthy diet * Tobacco use * Air pollution * Harmful use of alcohol * Physical inactivity

Answer 54

* a **level** of care, not a place. * advanced **montioring, diagnostics or treatment** in event of impending or manifest **failure** of **vital** functions

Answer 55

1. Hand hygiene 2. Environmental cleaning & disinfection, re-processing of equipment 3. Transmission-based precautions

Answer 56

Improving 6 building blocks & **managing their interactions** in ways that achieve more **equitable** & **sustained** improvements accross health services & outcoms

Answer 57

1. Service delivery 2. Health workforce 3. Health information systems 4. Access to essential medicines 5. financing 6. leadership/governance

Answer 58

* Not always verified EMTs but act as EMT * Some EMTs go without meds, water, food, etc & buy from local but then puts burden on resources & availability of disaster country or other EMTs/organisations

Answer 59

* Coordination * Standards - qualified staff * Continuity of care * Financial credibility * Accountability * Collaboration * Trust / transparency * Self sustainable - water, food, etc * Quality of care

Answer 60

focuses on improving health at local level through engagement & participation

Answer 61

* **Bridge gaps between formal HC services & underserved populations** * Provide disease prevention, health promotion, emergency response & first aid/psychosocial support * Act as trusted members of communities, ensuring **engagement & accessibility**

Answer 62

* **Co-design interventions** with local stakeholders for **relevance & effectiveness** * Equip CHWs with **emergency preparedness training, surveillance tools & response strategies**

Answer 63

* Embed CHWs into existing health systems to **avoid duplication** * Engage communities in **identifying vulnerabilities & building resilience** * Maintain **continuous consultation** to adapt interventions as needs evolve

Answer 64

**Multi-country initiative** to strengthen communities, national societies & partners in **preventing, detecting & responding** to disease threats

Answer 65

* Expand **surveillance coverage** to community level * **Enhance prep** for early outbreak detection & response

Answer 66

* **Promoting** health literacy * **Training** community health volunteers & community members * **Implementing** CBS within national surveillance systems

Answer 67

* Promotes **shared understanding** of risks * Encourages **behaviour change** strategies * Helps in disaster **prevention & reduction**

Answer 68

* Increases **public awareness** of hazards * Motivates **preparedness** actions * Facilitates **informed decision making** * Increases **collaboration** between authorities & communities * Reduces **misinformation** during crises

Answer 69

* healthcare workers may be lost * medical supplies interrupted * infrastructure damaged.

Answer 70

to determine priorities for response

Answer 71

* **Trained & motivated** health workforce * **Supply management & use** of medicines, diagnostics material & technology * Appropriate **financing** of healthcare * Good health **information & analysis**

Answer 72

* disasters increasingly affecting populations where NCDs are common * Countries with many displaced have **high** NCD prevalence * Can be major problem in disasters coz resonse may not be focused enough on NCDs

Answer 73

↓ infectious diseases, ↑ ageining population & NCDs

Answer 74

* type of food * under to overnutrition * undernutrition = risk factor for NCDs

Answer 75

60% displaced, 80% refugees live in urban areas; lifestyle changes

Answer 76

* Damage to infrastructure * Occurrence of physical injuries * forced displacement of people * Degradation of living conditions * Physical & psychological strain * Loss/separation from family members = insufficient family support

Answer 77

* Interruption of care * Shift in priorities of HC system & providers * Facilities unsafe & unable to provide quality care * Changes in living conditions * Increase risk in patients with preexisting diseases * High stress * Medication adherence decreases

Answer 78

* Treatment of **acute complications** including **referral mechanism** * **Continuation of ongoing treatment** incl palliative care & rehabilitation * Making **adjustments** for reduction in people’s ability to cope with an emegrency * **Co-ordination** of care provision & follow-up between providers & settings

Answer 79

* Ensuring **access** to medication * **Communicating** medical information before & after disaster * Establishing **registry** of medically vulnerable people * Addressing **mental health** needs * **Empowering** people to self-manage their chronic conditions

Answer 80

* Centralised pharmacy registry to **stockpile** frequently used medications * Establishing & creating **awareness** about medication distribution centers * Using **pharmacists** to help dispense NCD medications at access points or evacuation shelters * Developing **alternative medications list**

Answer 81

* Centralised pharmacy registry to stockpile frequently used medications * Establishing & creating awareness about medication distribution centers * Using pharmacists to help dispense NCD medications at access points or evacuation shelters * Developing alternative medications list

Answer 82

* Provide info how to obtain care & supplies * Educate how to manage incase of disaster = reduce urgent medical care * If internet, social media to disseminate info * Radio-based communication

Answer 83

* People with NCD seeking care who are traumatized & unable to care for themselves * Providers who are responsible for delivering care, may also suffer losses or undergo other stressors from the disaster that may affect their mental health - **help the helpers approach**

Answer 84

* **Nature & impact** of natural disaster * **Existing health system** (previous & current) * **Available resources & access** of patients to HC

Answer 85

Should be: * context specific * tailored to target population

Answer 86

Serious disruptions to functioning of a community that exceed its capacity to cope using its own resources

Answer 87

* Complex & resource demanding injuries * Normal (peace) healthcare * Logitiscs * Staff drain * Level of (peace time) healthcare

Answer 88

state of ill health with * Vital organ dysfunction (e.g. heart, brain, lungs) * High risk of imminent death if care isn’t provided * Potential for reversibility

Answer 89

Critical illness

Answer 90

* care is organised by **speciality**, in vertical “silos” * critically ill fall in the **gaps** between initatives (IMCI, Global Surgery, Covid-19, etc) * no focus on **essentials** in critical care (critcare confused with intensive care)

Answer 91

* a unified approach for managing critical illness * **Essential Emergency & Critical Care (EECC)**

Answer 92

* fundamental care for critical illness * It is **effective**, **low-cost**, **feasible** in any health facility

Answer 93

* 66 resources that are needed * Equipment, consumables, staff, drugs, routines, guidelines, infrastructure

Answer 94

1. Critical illness care 2. Essentialness 3. Stabilizing care

Answer 95

* aims to increase focus & quality of care of critically ill * doesn’t include care for stable patients. * E.g. includes treating shock but doesn’t include treating chronic hypertension

Answer 96

* doesn’t include advanced care, in any speciality or discipline * essentialness in care of critically ill patients & **doesn’t provide care beyond essentials** * E.g. EECC includes oxygen, but doesn’t include mechanical ventilation

Answer 97

* life-saving care needed to support vital organs & keep the patient alive * often neglected & requires greater focus * isn’t diagnosing or providing definitive care of underlying pathology * E.g. EECC includes pulse oximetry but doesn’t include tissue biopsies or appendectomy

Answer 98

* Improves care & outcomes * Low-cost, cost effective approach * No patient group left behind * Designed for task-sharing * Increases preparedness for PHE

Answer 99

As cost effective as vaccination programs & 10-15 times more than antiretroviral medication for HIV

Answer 100

1. Delay in seeking care 2. Delay in reaching care 3. Delay in receiving quality care

Answer 101

* Beliefs (patients/community) * Poor referral system * costs

Answer 102

* transport/distance & road * security, obstruction * poor rehab coverage

Answer 103

* lack of trained human resources * lack of equipment * life & limb saving

Answer 104

* Stigma * Security/economic situation * Limited access for PWD in humanit response

Answer 105

15% of pop are PWD with long lasting individual, family, societal consequneces

Answer 106

Anyone who experiences one or more health conditions that limit functioning in one/more domains.

Answer 107

response & preparedness programming should consider capacities & needs of all people with disabilities & make deliberate efforts to **remove physical, communication & attitudinal barriers** to their access & participation

Answer 108

1. Mainstreaming - inclusive response 2. Specific - rehabilitation response

Answer 109

* logisticians * "Watsan" - water & sanitation competence * chlore dilution * shower, cleaning & disinfection * latrines

Answer 110

* handhygiene * environmental cleaning * laundry * decontamination of medical devices * waste managament

Answer 111

Functional handhygiene facilities * soap & water * single use towel * alcohol based handrub (ABHR)

Answer 112

1. Environmental cleaning & disinfection 2. Re-processing of medical devices/ instruments. Sterile supply department/area 3. Storage & transportation internally & externally: 4. MUST (Mobile unit surgical trailer)

Answer 113

Additional precautions to prevent transmission of certain infectious agents * **Contact transmission:** direct or indirect - hands & surfaces * **Droplets**: sneeze & cough * **Airborne**: measles, aerosol generated procedures

Answer 114

- plastic apron - gloves for bodily fluids, injections, chemicals/drugs - mask - respiratory for aerosolborne contaminations (e.g. tb) - eye shield for splashes

Answer 115

* training & supervision * campaigns * information to patients/relatives * control of IPC routines

Answer 116

* MH prof can support barriers to health seeking behaviorus (fear, anxiety of meds, etc) * physical health poor in ppl with poor MH * MH is critical to reversing the **poverty cycle**

Answer 117

* Advocates for patient centered care * Patient support & counselling * Family of patients & grief counselling * Advising health promotion * Multidisciplinary discussions about comorbidity, differential diagnoses, behavioural change & adherence, patient advocacy & rights, patient centered care..

Answer 118

* After a crisis, people do better when feel safe, connected to emotional support * If ppl remain in flight or fight mode, can’t answer medical or logisitical questions, make good judgements about their safety, care & for their dependents & can lead to impulsive, violent & maldadptive behaviours

Answer 119

event that overwhelms local medical & emergency response resources coz of #, severity or complexity of casualties.

Answer 120

rapid & coordinated efforts from multiple agencies to manage & provide care effectively.

Answer 121

Caused by natural disasters, pandemics, accidents or from violent attacks.

Answer 122

Doesnt specify the number required to be considered an MCI

Answer 123

* System * space * staff * stuff * safety

Answer 124

* **M**ajor incident - code word for serious incident * **E**xact location * **T**ype of incident * **H**azards - risks to patient & rescuers * **A**ccess routes * **N**umber of casualties (incl severity & type) * **E**mergency services needed | METHANE

Answer 125

Minimum initial service package for sexual & reproductive health

Answer 126

* set of minimum lifesaving SHR interventions * international standard that must be implemented at onset of emergency

Answer 127

* Access to effective contracpetion methods * legal issues - this doesn't effect if they will get an abortion but affects if they get access to **safe** abortion

Answer 128

procedure for terminating an unintended pregnancy, carried out either by persons lacking necessary skills or in environment that doesn't conform to minimal medical standards, or both.

Answer 129

* Infection * Bleeding * Injury to the reproductive organs or other internal abdomninal organs * Long time consequence of pain and risk of infertility * Stress, stigma and financial burden

Answer 130

* Facility * Skills of the abortion provider * Method used * Health of woman * Gestational age of pregnancy

Answer 131

* Information & counselling * History & examination * Choosing a method * Post-abortion information & family planning

Answer 132

* % of women who are currently using or sexual partner is using at least 1 method of contraception * Usually reported for married or in-union women aged 15-49.

Answer 133

* Limited access to contraception * limited choice of methods * fear or experience of side-effects * Cultural or religious opposition * Poor quality of available services * Gender-based barriers to accessing services

Answer 134

* Global public health & human rights issue * High prevalence * Increase in humanitarian crises * Severe consequences * Neglected response

Answer 135

inequalities

Answer 136

* Displacement * Breakdown of social structurews * Weapon of war * Lack of basic needs

Answer 137

* Dispropritionately affects LMICs * Disproportionately affects women & girls

Answer 138

Umbrella term for any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person’s will & based on gender differences between males and females.

Answer 139

Any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic a person’s sexuality

Answer 140

Behavior by current/former intimate partner which causes physical, sexual or psychological harm

Answer 141

* Includes lack of consent * Involves the abuse of power * Includes a type of violence or force * Exacerbated by gender inequality or other inequalities

Answer 142

* Vulnerable groups are more affected by violence * Vulnerable groups might face additional barriers to access care & support

Answer 143

* Diverse sexual orientation or gender identity * male/boy survivors * Adolescents * Sex workers * migrants/refugees/asylum seekers * People with disabilities * Minority groups

Answer 144

* Injuries, wounds * Fistuals * STIs * HIV * Unwanted pregnancy, unsafe abortions * Long-term pain * Sexual dysfunction

Answer 145

* Anxiety * Depression * Drug abuse * Sleeping disorders * Self-blame * Isolation * PTSD * Behaviour changes * Suicide

Answer 146

* Rejection by family/partner * Divorce * Physical punishment * Conflict between or within families * Stigmatization (mocking, exclusion) * Forced marriage * Difficulties with daily life activities

Answer 147

* Shame, fear, confusion, guilt, isolation * Stigma, marginalization & exclusion * Beliefs of violence as normal * Lack of knwoledge * Fear that HC isn’t confidential * Fear of HC provider response: judgement, mistreatment * Lack of decision making powrr * Limited mobility

Answer 148

* Survivors are isolated, marginalized & excluded * SV is a taboo * Lack of knowledge in the community * Belief that SV is a family, community or police issue & not a medical issue * Violence being normalized, justified & accepted * Reputation & honour of family comes before needs of the survivor * Risk of retaliation, revenge & conflict between families

Answer 149

* Lack of physical access, far distance to services * Language & cultural barriers * Cost * Lack of privacy & confidentiality * HC providers lack of knwolegde, not enough time & harmful attitudes * Poor patient flow, pathway, patients get lost in clinic, not safe to enter

Answer 150

caused by an uncontrolled amount of pathogens that are transmitted when people are in their weakest state

Answer 151

controlled amount of antigen at a time when a child is healthy and has access to health care

Answer 152

* Vaccination = process of giving someone a vaccine * Immunization = process of vaccination + creating immunity (by producing antibodies)

Answer 153

* One of safest, most cost effective & successful to prevent deaths & improve lives * Vaccination prevents AMR

Answer 154

* more than only person vaccinated * Protects vulnerable groups * Free-riders

Answer 155

* MMR * Yellowfever * Varicella vaccine * BCG vaccine * Rota virus * Oral polio vaccine

Answer 156

* Inactivated (killed vaccines) * Toxoid vaccines * Subunit vaccines

Answer 157

* Injectable polio vaccine * Hep A

Answer 158

* Diphtheria * Petussis * Tetanus

Answer 159

* Hep B * pneumococcal disease * HPV **needs booster doses**

Answer 160

* Vacines are luxury for some affordability * Vaccine hesitancy (confidence, trust in & acceptance of vaccine)

Answer 161

* PTSD * Depression * Anxiety * Emotional stress * Sleep disorders * Somatic complaints * Behavioural problems

Answer 162

* Death * injury * illness & disease * malnutrition * heat stress * physical & sexual abuse

Answer 163

* missed school * poor academic performance * delayed progress * failure to complete education

Answer 164

* at limiting impact of injuries & at improving outcomes * great integrated investment, improving outcomes of a range of health conditions

Answer 165

1. First responders 2. prehospital **basic** life support 3. prehospital **advanced** life support

Answer 166

* National systems * Local/regional systems * Private systems * Hospital based systems * Volunteer systems * Mixed systems

Answer 167

Any event resulting in a # of victims large enough to disrupt the normal course of emergency & HC services

Answer 168

1. Impact zone or area of rescue 2. Relief area (treatment area) 3. Base area

Answer 169

* greatest destruction * main activity to evacuate survivors to safe area & rescue trapped

Answer 170

* treatment area * immediate to impact zone * main activity = triage & treatment of extreme emergencies

Answer 171

* where all supports avaialble are organised to assist rescue & relief of victims. * controls, trucks, ambulances

Answer 172

* strategic planning tool. * framework provides way to assess how a strategy can best be implemented.

Answer 173

* Strengths * Weaknesses * Opportunities * Threats

Answer 174

all ppl, at all times, have **physical, social & economic** access to **sufficient, safe & nutritious** food that meets their dietaery needs & preferences for active & healthy life.

Answer 175

1. Availability 2. Accessibility 3. Utilisation 4. Stability

Answer 176

* Production * stocks * trades * bulk transfers / food aid

Answer 177

* consumption own production * income, market * infrastructures * cash transfers/gifts * inequalities

Answer 178

* food storage, preparation * feeding & care practices * health * hygiene

Answer 179

* constant * risk reduction * sustainability, resilience

Answer 180

* Mutli-stakeholder initiative to improve analysis & decision making on food security & nutrition * IPC provides a common scale for classifying the severity & magnitude of food insecurity & acute malnutrition which improves the rigour, transparency, relevance & comparability of food security & nutrition analysis for decision makers.

Answer 181

when quality & quantity of available food or access to food is insufficient to prevent excessive mortality, morbidity or malnutrition

Answer 182

* General food distri (cash-based, in-kind) * Market & production support * Supplementary feeding programmes * therapeutic feeding programmes

Answer 183

* Monitoring access to food & use * Forms of assistance * Design of food rations & nutritional quality * Link with health programmes

Answer 184

* **Blanket** supplementary feeding programes * **Targeted** supplementary feeding programs

Answer 185

the general population

Answer 186

Ppl at risk

Answer 187

* Targeted SFP * Therapeutic FP

Answer 188

* Dependency on foreign aid & donors * Depression on food markets affecting livelihoods * Intercommunity conflicts when food aid is targeted * Frictions between IDPs/refugees & host/local populations * Displacement to be inside the food aid area

Answer 189

* Stunting * Wasting * Underweight

Answer 190

Low Height-for-Age - **chronic**

Answer 191

Low Weight-for-Height - **acute**

Answer 192

Low Weight-for-Age - **chronic & acute**

Answer 193

Inadequacties in **intake of vitamins & minerals** that enable body to produce enzymes, hormones & other substances that are **essential for proper growth & development**

Answer 194

stunting & overweight

Answer 195

Inhibited growth & development

Answer 196

Result of chronic or recurrent undernutrition & poor health

Answer 197

* can occur throughout childhood but largely determined by first 1,000 days * reversible if addressed early

Answer 198

Height for age (HAZ) (children <5y) - too short for their age * Moderate = <-2SD * Severe = <-3SD

Answer 199

result of rapid & severe weight loss or failure to gain weight due to **low nutritional intake &/or disease**

Answer 200

* Marasmus * Kwasiorkor

Answer 201

* MAM, SAM, GAM * Muac * Presence of malnutrition oedema

Answer 202

Weight for height (WHZ) (children <5y) - too thin for their height * Moderate acute mal (MAM) <-2SD -> -3SD * Severe Acute Mal (SAM) <-3SD * Global Acute Mal (GAM) <-2SD

Answer 203

Children underweight can be stunted, wasted or both

Answer 204

Weight for Age (WAZ) (children <5y) - too thin for their age * Moderate <-2SD -> -3SD * Severe <-3SD

Answer 205

Inadequacties in intake of vitamins & minerals that enable body to produce enzymes, hormones & other substances that are essential for proper growth & development

Answer 206

* Iron * Vitamin A * Iodine * folate * Zinc * Calcium

Answer 207

* Poor pregnancy outcomes * child growth failure * cognitive impairment * increased morbidity & mortality

Answer 208

* Around 45 million children suffering from wasting * Wasted children 12x more likley to die & at risk for suffering long-term impacts on their health & development that can cause irrevocable damage

Answer 209

* taste vs no taste (some cultures must have taste) * colour (same) * temp (ppl tend to prefer cool even if not treeated) * level of treatment)

Answer 210

**chemical** * traces of pharmaceuticals * endocrine disruptors * substances related to personnel care products **biological** * emerging pathogens, related to climatic conditions becoming more favourable due to CC

Answer 211

occurrence of cases of disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a defined community, geographical area or season

Answer 212

* Reduce the # of cases * Reduce the # of deaths * Reduce patients & communities suffering * End the epidemic outbreak

Answer 213

* Understand **health seeking behaviour** * Understand **funeral & burial practices** * Know about **eating habits** * Undertsand perception of community: **resistance, fear, denial, distrust, etc**

Answer 214

* Ebola * Marburg * Cholera * Lassa fever

Answer 215

Infeciton Prevention Control !!!

Answer 216

* immunisation most successful & cost effective PH interventions * Reduces excess morbidity & mortality during hum emergenc * vacc can help eliminate (& eradicate) certain diseases & reduce AMR

Answer 217

process intended to estimate or provide informed opinions about **deficiencies** & their **consequences**.

Answer 218

set of procedures taken for the purposes of **setting priorities** & **making decisions** about programs, system improvement & allocation of resources.

Answer 219

* National disaster response system & national authorities * Civil society * Affected population * International actors

Answer 220

* Not a formal system but a **complex** network * Assistance coordinated by national authorities or UN system

Answer 221

* are diverse * but have weak institutions in common

Answer 222

* Delegation of certain responsibilities to less specialised workers * E.g. of medical task shifting, Surgical task-shifting

Answer 223

* Depends on vulnerability & type of hazard - direct or indirect * Address excess burden of injuries Trauma surgery (combat care) * Address normal burden of surgical disease, general surgery

Answer 224

* **Multidisciplinary teams** (e.g. amputees, physio) * **Adolescent clinic** (sensitive approach for special pop for e.g SV, trauma) * **Emergency settings**

Answer 225

* Ppl will need rehab depending on type of infectious disease * e.g. polio gonna need rehab forever

Answer 226

* All children with severe malnutrition * e.g. children will have developmental delay & participation problems * parents have problems with stimulation & child-parent bond

Answer 227

* ppl have access to safe & effective truama care during crises to prevent avoidable mortality, morbidity, suffering & disability * timely access * awareness raising * continuum of care

Answer 228

Should be integrated across care continuum

Answer 229

* Initial psychosocial support to protect people from continued stress * Helps to deal with strong emotions and problems that have arisen

Answer 230

- non-instrusive practical care & support - Assessment of needs & concerns (incl basic needs) - Listening (without pressuring them to talk) - Calming & comforting - Connecting to social services - Protecting from further harm

Answer 231

* Distressed ppl exposed to a serious crisis * Not everyone will need PFA, don’t force ppl who don’t want it * Be available to those who want support

Answer 232

* immediately after an event, but can be days or weeks after * Depends on how severe & long lasting the event is

Answer 233

* Where it’s safe to do so * Health centers, shelters, camps, schools, distribution sites for food * Privacy & confidentiality considerations

Answer 234

* Respect safety & dignity * Ethical do's & don'ts * Adapt to their culture

Answer 235

* honesty * respect * right to refuse help * privacy & confidentialy * person centred appropriate response

Answer 236

* exploit * ask for money * false info * exaggerate your skills * force help * pressure * judge * share confidential information

Answer 237

* Look * Listen * Link

Answer 238

* Safety (conflict, floods?) * Ppl with urgent needs * Ppl with serious distress reactiosn (e.g. shocks)

Answer 239

* Approach ppl who need support * Ask about their needs & concerns * Listen & help them feel calm (connect with present surroudings)

Answer 240

* Help address basic needs & services (food, water) * Give correct info * Connect ppl with loved ones & social support

Answer 241

* Getting ready to help (have capacity or knowledge?) * Managing stress * Rest & reflection

Answer 242

* **Individual level** - between organs & phsyiological systems (ABCDE) * **Group level** - sort between patients (triage) * **Population level** - between groups in a pop (epidemio, PH)

Answer 243

* **Standby mode** - wait & see * **Escalation mode** * **Disaster mode**

Answer 244

reinforces certain parts of the organisation with extra resources

Answer 245

deployment of all available resources & assumes direct command of all functions

Answer 246

can't treat paitnets in middle of a crowd * **external crowd control** - bystanders, volunteers, relatives * **internal crowd control** - staff from other departments

Answer 247

seriously injured patients don't walk (airway is clear, BP good enough, brain receiving enough O2)

Answer 248

* wound wash out & dressing * ENT examination (if blast) * Orthopaedic examination * Psychosocial support

Answer 249

* **Space** - area optimization & safe & accessible * **Staff** - vests to identify staff, which zones/functions

Answer 250

* Kits prepared & close to emergency unit * Red zone kits - for life saving interventions * Green zone kits - for minor injuries

Answer 251

rapid evaluation of patients to determine most appropriate treamtnet considering limited resources available

Answer 252

When supply doesnt meet demand

Answer 253

* Physiological (sieve & sort) * Anatomic

Answer 254

* 1st step * at site of incident * shouldn't take more than 30 sec per injured

Answer 255

* 2nd triage * more detailed & more time consuming * done at loading point or at arrival to hospital

Answer 256

* at hospital by senior doctor * requires clinical expeirence & knowledge * look where injury is * combined with ABCDE

Answer 257

Minimum Initial Service Package for sexual and reproductive health (MISP)

Answer 258

1. Ensure Health Sector/Cluster identifies an organization to lead implementation of MISP. 2. Prevent SV & respond to needs of survivors. 3. Prevent transmission of & reduce morbidity & mortality due to HIV and other STIs. 4. Prevent excess maternal & newborn morbidity and mortality. 5. Prevent unintended pregnancies. 6. Plan for comprehensive SRH services, integrated into primary HC ASAP. Work with Health Sector/Cluster partners to address 6 WHO blocks

Answer 259

* Administrative (waiitng times) * Infrastructure (transport, hospitals) * Cost * Stigma * Providers (#, knwoledge, etc) * Legal restrictions

Answer 260

* Treatment for incomplete abortions (misoprostol) * Contraceptive counselling * Management of STDs * Equally effective when provided by mid-level providers (ie midwives) as by physicians in low resource settings

Answer 261

#of women who want to avoid/postpone pregnancy but aren't using any contraception, continues to persist, but have declined.

Answer 262

* right to be free from discrimmination, right to bodily integrity, life, physical & mental health, freedom, equality * right to be free from torture or cruel, punishment

Answer 263

* SV is a war crime * SV & rape can be a crime against humanity when systematic and at grand scale

Answer 264

Varies a lot between states (only women, not if within marriage, etc)

Answer 265

* Awareness raising & community enegagement * Use of innovative & adapted models of care * Safe identification/screening in health facilities

Answer 266

* To survivors/possible survivors * To ppl/groups who can support survivors in accessing care. * Activities include: health promoters, Radio/tv/social media, Mass events, Posters, banners

Answer 267

* Integrated with other services * Stand alone clinics * Community based care * Peer-to-peer care * Mobile clinics * Remote counselling/follow up/care provision

Answer 268

* Selective screening based on signs/symptoms/reason of visit * Systematic screening * Way of offering access to care & support to patients seeking care for other reasons * Requires well-trained staff * Requires care immediately available * Survivor -centered - do no harm

Answer 269

* Need a higher R0 which is achieved by vaccinating more ppl * more contagious --> higher immunity threshold

Answer 270

100-(100/R0)

Answer 271

* high fever + maculopapular rash * Cough, coryza or conjuctivitis * airborne transmission!

Answer 272

* viral disease * mild symptoms (low or absent fever)

Answer 273

when pregnant woman becomes infected with rubella and passes it on to the fetus

Answer 274

* hearing loss * blindness * Cognitive impairment

Answer 275

* illness caused by a virus. * affects the glands called parotid glands, make saliva * symptoms similar to flu

Answer 276

bacterial infection that affects the mucous membranes of the nose and throat

Answer 277

* Neurological collaps and * respiratory arrest * Kidney failure * Airway obstruction * Severe sign = Bulls neck * Severe sign = Barking cough

Answer 278

- forced smile - lockjaw - backward arching due to spastic contraction of muscles

Answer 279

disease of the nervous system

Answer 280

* Transmitted through unclean umbilicus (from soil) * Vaccinate pregnant women → passive immunity of child * Seizures can last for weeks * Most common form of tetanus

Answer 281

* 2nd largest cause of death in children under one year of age (malaria is 1st) * respiratory virus that infects the nose, throat, and lungs

Answer 282

infection that inflames air sacs in one or both lungs.

Answer 283

* Toxin of Bordetella Pertussis bacteria * Difficult cough attacks- lose breath * Children <6 months most vulnerable- prone to death

Answer 284

* Globally leading cause of death by diarrhoea * contagious virus that causes diarrhea.

Answer 285

* highly infectious disease caused by a virus. * invades nervous system and can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours.

Answer 286

* Most common transmission from mother to child during delivery, also through blood and sexual contact. * Vaccination within 24 hrs of birth + additional 2-3 doses gives

Answer 287

* Infectious disease that causes most deaths globally * Vaccine doesn't protect against infection but from activation of disease * Lower effect in adults/ adolescents who are spreading the disease * caused by bacteria that most often affects the lungs.

Answer 288

* assumption that children arent affected & fleeting reactions * low status in society (e.g. research) * lack of focus

Answer 289

* Promoting a feeling of security * Promoting a feeling of calm * Promoting a sense of belonging * Promoting self-confidence & trust in society * Promoting a feeling of hope

Answer 290

* Humanitarian crises * Post crisis situation ('post-conflict') * Continued fragility

Answer 291

* Disruption by the 'event' itself * Disruption by the response to the 'event' * Emphasis on prevention of further disruption

Answer 292

* Rebuilding disrupted health system * Window of opportunity * Emphasis on enhanced service privision & HSS | HSS = (health system strengthening)

Answer 293

* Underlying determinants preventing real HSS

Answer 294

* Resource availability * System management * Service organisation * Economic support * Service delivery | See image in lec 4

Answer 295

* Needs based * Risk based e.g. pregnant women, living in war area * rights based

Answer 296

1. Population: who is covered? 2. Services: which services covered? 3. Direct costs: proportion of costs covered

Answer 297

* When low coverage * Lethal disease especially in comination with malnutrition

Answer 298

crowded living conditions & displacement

Answer 299

A tool to measure & monitor health status of pop

Answer 300

* Regular collection of selected health data & their analysis * Diseases (communicable & preventable) * Mortality (CMR) * Can also include surveillance of demography, basic needs & response

Answer 301

HC given for medical conditions where a cure is considered achievable

Answer 302

Proactive measures to prevent or mitigate disease outbreaks before they escalate

Answer 303

* Forecast-based planning * Pre-agreed actions * Pre-arranged financing * Multi-sectoral collaboration

Answer 304

Uses predictive models & surveillance data to anticipate outbreaks

Answer 305

* climate & health linkages * Composite surveillance * risk prediction models

Answer 306

* Understand & communicate risks * Anticipate & prepare * Respond & recover across systems * Learn & adapt * Advocate

Answer 307

* Limited autonomy * Loss of social statue * Separation * Impact on social networks * High level of unemployment * Destruction of infrastructure * Limited access to health * Destruction; collective housing & displacement

Answer 308

* EECC includes identifying critical illness & which vital organ is failing (e.g. A,B, C or D) = **ASSESS** * EECC includes treating the-identified problem = **ACT** * EECC emphasises **RE-ASSESSMENT** after treatment to see if worked & if adjustment of the treatment or additioanl treatment is required.

Answer 309

* **diagnosing patients underlying condition & providing definitive care** must be done alongside EECC * EECC should be done **as part of best practice guidelines** for speciality-specific or diagnosis-specific care

Answer 310

2.4 million

Answer 311

an integrated approach to child health that focuses on the well-being of the whole child

Answer 312

* Not able to drink or breastfeed * Vomits everything * Convulsions * Lethargic or unconcious

Answer 313

* Children with poor health commmonly meet the criteria for multiple syndromes * Can have concurrent undernutrition, chronic diseases or challenging social circumstances * Little advice on post-dischage care & integration

Answer 314

- Coughs and/or difficulty breathing, with or without fever - Presence of either fast breathing or lower chest wall indrawings (where the lower chest moves in or retracts during inhalation).

Answer 315

* Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months & adequate complimentary feeding * Vaccination - Pneumococcus, Hamophilus influeanzae type B & Measles, Pertussis * Reducing indoor air pollution * Good hand hygiene

Answer 316

Amoxicillin 3-5 days

Answer 317

loose stools at least 3x per day

Answer 318

* Acute water diarrhoea * Dysentry - bloody diarrhoea * Persistent diarrhoea - 14 days or more

Answer 319

Pinching the childs abdomen to test for decreased skin turgor & slow return of skin pinch in severe dehydration

Answer 320

* Continue feeding (or increase breastfeeding) * If dehydration: Oral Redhydration Therapy or intravenous electrolyte solution * Zinc supplementation * Antibiotics only when appropriate (ie. bloody diarrhoea)

Answer 321

* Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months * Rota virus vaccination * Water, sanitation & hygiene

Answer 322

4 types: most dangerous = Plasmodium falciparum

Answer 323

* Sudden onset * Fever * Muscle stiffnes * Headache * Other general symptoms e.g. diarrhoea, vomiting

Answer 324

* Syphilis screening * Detecting treatment of urinary infections * Tetanus prophylaxis * Malaria prophylaxis * Nutritional support

Answer 325

* Education of birth attendants e.g. clean practices * Referral of complicated cases to hospital

Answer 326

* Resuscitation of children not breathing * Skin-to-skin care (kangaroo) * Breastfeedings * Identification & treatment of infections

Answer 327

* BCG * diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, * Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) * Hepatitis B (HepB) * polio * measles * rubella * pneumococcal disease (PNC) * rotavirus (Rota) * human papillomavirus (HPV) * COVID-19

Answer 328

Ensuring equitable access, sustainable immunisation financing & integrating immunisation services into primary HC systems

Answer 329

* Econonomising stage control efforts * Orderly flow of victims is established * Controlled evacuation * Avoid indiscriminate evacuations * Communication tool between HC

Answer 330

* Not always available * Problems of legibility * Detach during evacuation * Damaged by water * Not enough space to write

Answer 331

* Many MCI triage methods lack of scientific background * Scientific background in triage methods is difficult to obtain * Most triage methods comes from specific prehospital care systems

Answer 332

* **Management** (functions, contractors) * **Equipment** (vehicles, generators, communication) * **Usage of equipment** (manuals, logsbooks, training) * **constructions** (clinics, houses, camps) * **Distributions** (layout, food, non-food items) * **Supply** (orders, storage, transport) * **Security** (risk assessment, training)

Answer 333

* **Orders** (international orders, local purchases, consumption amounts) * **Transport** (rentals, waybills, customs if international, type of transport) * **Storage** (storekeeper, stock cards, emergency stocks)

Answer 334

number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time period

Answer 335

→ # of maternal deaths during a given time peirod divided by person-years lived by women of reproductive age (age 15-49 years) in a population during the same time period

Answer 336

probability that a 15-year old girl will eventually die from a maternal cause

Answer 337

summary measure of premature mortality. YLL estimates the years of potential life lost due to premature deaths.

Answer 338

number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death

Answer 339

Number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per 1000 live births in a given year or other period.

Answer 340

probability per 1,000 that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five

Answer 341

* Children 10x more likely to die prematurely than those living in families with a mother * Children without mothers are less likely to receive proper nutrition, health care & education * Implications of a mother’s death for girls often leads to a continued cycle of poverty & poor health

Answer 342

* Bleeding * Infections * High blood pressure * Need of surgical care * Unsafe abortions

Answer 343

* Oxytocin to reduce bleeding * Magnesium in pre-eclampsia * Antibiotics & anti-retrovirial treatment (HIV) * Trained health staff * Healthcare facilities

Answer 344

* Poverty * Distance to facilities * Lack of information * Inadequate & poor quality services * Cultural beliefs & practices

Answer 345

* Access to effective contraceptive methods * Legal issues * The legal status of abortion has no effect on a womens needs for abortion but it dramatically affects her access to safe abortions

Answer 346

* Infection * Bleeding * Injury to the reproductive organs or other internal abdominal organs * Long time consequences of pain & risk of infertility

Answer 347

* Limited access to contraception * A limited choice of methods * Fear or experience of side effects * Cultural or religious opposition * Poor quality of available services * Gender-based barriers to accessing services

Answer 348

Childhood * Increase morbidity-mortality risks * poor child development & learning capacity Adulthood: * higher risk of overweight * NCDs * low productivity

Answer 349

deficiencies or excess in nutrient intake, imbalance of essential nutrients or impaired nutrient utilization

Answer 350

* Undernutrition * Micronutrient-related malnutrition * Overweight, obesity & diet related NCDs

Answer 351

* Decreased immune system capacity = increase risk of infections * increased mortality risk

Answer 352

undernutrition lower immunity = increase risk of disease = when have infec disease = absorb nutrients less effectively = need more energy to fight then again if no access to food = circle continues

Answer 353

* Result of imbalance between energy consumed & expended (high energy foods-sedentarism) * BMI * Diet related NCDs: CVDs, certain cancers, diabetes (overwieght is top risk factor for these conditions globallY) * Associated with maternal morbidity, preterm brith & increased infant mortality

Answer 354

* **Food assistance** (distrib, cash based) * **Agriculture & livestock** (production & tech support) * **Nutrition** * **Livelihoods** (income generating activities) * **Rehab/building of agric infrastructure**

Answer 355

* provision of seeds, tools, livestock * training of farmers * improve transport & distribution * rehabilitate agriculture infrastructures

Answer 356

* Joint activities with other clusters (nutrition, health, WASH clusters) * Provision of safe water & hygiene items, cooking utensils, NFI kits & cooking fuel) * Awareness sessions on household nutrition & hygiene practices (e.g. cooking demonstration, BF promotion)

Answer 357

* Actions against droughts & crop failure * Protection of environment & sustainable use of natural resources * Promotion of resilience of rural food systems to increase household & community food security in the face of instability * Support policy & advocacy to ensure stable supply across seasons, open border to allow food supplies to enter/exit

Answer 358

* identify type, degree & extent of undernutrition * those most at risk * the appropriate response

Answer 359

* MUAC * Infant & young child feeding in emergencies (IYCF-E)

Answer 360

* Contextual & pre-crisis info - national health surveys, HIV prev * Infant & young child feeding assessments * Anthropometric surveys (e.g. MUAC, oedema)

Answer 361

can be treated as outpatients at accessible, decentralised sites

Answer 362

treated as inpatients

Answer 363

1. community mobilisation 2. target supplementary feeding programme 3. outpatient therapeutic care 4. inpatient therapeutic care

Answer 364

* case identification in community (mass screening, active case finding, self-referral) * follow up visitts * health/nutrition educaiton

Answer 365

for Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) 6-59m but also for SAM

Answer 366

6-59m for SAM with apetite test & supplementary foods

Answer 367

risk of poor growth and development

Answer 368

* Counselling, IYCF counseling * Access to healthy age-appropriate diet and health services * Address maternal and family context and needs * Psychosocial stimulation * SSF – micronutrient supplments, small Quantity Lipid-based Nutrient Supplements

Answer 369

all the types of foods & nutrition practices provided to children from birth until 2 yrs old

Answer 370

the protection & support of safe & approproate feeding for infants & young children in all types of emergencies

Answer 371

* Domestic: faecal pathogens, high level of organic matter, abundance of mineral salts, detergents * Industrial: factory effluents (various chemical products, warm water) * Agricultural: fertilisers, pesticides, manure (cattle) * Natural: Pathogens, geological pollution (arsenic, fluoride), thermo-mineral sources. * Pollution is often specific for the type of resource: surface (river, swamp) or ground water

Answer 372

* contains all excreta at one spot * won’t pollute water points / resources * limits the attraction of insects * accessible for the users * comfortable/ functional for users * provides a minimum of privacy * respects the habits of the population * safe & easy as possible to use * facilities for women during menstruation * has facilities for (temporarily) disabled people * ensures dignity for the users!

Answer 373

* (Simple) pit latrines * Pour flush latrines * Raised pit latrine * VIP twin pit latrine * Septic tank * PLastic bag 'latrines' * Portable toilet * Chemical toilets * Rehabilitation of existing facilities * Prefab solutions/ hygiene containers

Answer 374

* Water source * water storage * water distribution * HR to operate & maintain the equipment

Answer 375

- Legislation - sociocultural habits - local constraints - the users

Answer 376

* Domestic wastewater * General wastewater from health structures * Wastewater from infect disease wards * liquid residues from water treatment

Answer 377

- increased risk of fire - acute & medium term health risks - unsightly & smelly - incorrect waste management = legal probs with local authorities

Answer 378

* Pollution of surface water and possibly * Ideal breeding ground for flies and cockroaches → transmission of faecal-oral diseases * Attraction of rats → plague, leptospirosis, salmonella * Attraction of rats means also snakes are attracted * Provision of breeding sites for mosquitoes: **Aedes in clean water in cans** → yellow fever, dengue **Culex in stagnant water **→ microfilarises

Answer 379

* Explosive * Flammable * Oxidizer * Self-reactive * Self-heating * Corrosive * Gas under pressure

Answer 380

* Acute toxicity * Skin corrosion or irritation * Serious eye damage or eye irritation * Respiratory / skin sensitization * Mutagenicity * Carcinogenicity

Answer 381

* Intoxication by ingestion, inhalation or dermal contact; * Contamination of potable and other water resources by toxic and hazardous substances; * Release of toxic pollutants (e.g. dioxins, furans) in the air when certain hazardous waste is combusted at low or medium temperatures; * Human scavenging on a dumpsite, resulting in potential misuse of hazardous substances likemedicines; * Diversion of medicines or insecticides from an unguarded warehouse for resale to the general public or companies;

Answer 382

* segregation * storage * treatment * disposal

Answer 383

* Any animal (organism) capable of carrying disease pathogens from a reservoir to another host either mechanically or through its bodily functions. * A reservoir can be environmental, animal or human.

Answer 384

* Mechanical (Transporting pathogens on feet, skin etc) * Biological (Involved in life- cycle of pathogen)

Answer 385

* Mosquitoes (Malaria, Dengue, yellow fever..) * Rodents (Plague, rabies, Lassa fever) * Fleas (plague, typhus) * Mites (scabies)

Answer 386

* (Larger) organisms harbouring other organisms. * Host organism typically provides nourishment and/ or shelter

Answer 387

* **Mutualistic** (both organisms benefit) * **Parasitic** (one organism benefits, the other suffers) * **Commensalist**: coexistence --> neither organism suffers or benefits

Answer 388

* birds (wild ducks carrying avian influenza) * mammals (rodents carrying fleas) * humans (carrying hookworms in intestines)

Answer 389

* Viruses (Dengue, yellow fever..) * Parasites (Malaria, Filariasis,..) * Bacteria (Plague,…) * (some) Algae * (some) Fungi

Answer 390

* Epidemiological surveillance * Integrated vector control * Social communication * Laboratory (diagnosis + species ID) * Patient care

Answer 391

* Create better conditions for a vector → climate change = vectors can move to more northern climates * Make unfavorable conditions for a vector = humans don't know vector → if population moves to area with favorable conditions = more exposed

Answer 392

* Measures aimed at preventing disease by addressing the vector carrying the disease * By direct measures * By interventions to the vector’s habitat

Answer 393

* long-lasting insecticidal nets * insecticide treated nets * indoor rsidual spraying * enivronmental management

Answer 394

- diarrhoea - eye infections - leishmaniosis

Answer 395

* Reduce fly breeding * fly traps * window/door screens * indoor residual spraying

Answer 396

* dusting * indoor spraying * airing, wahsing bedding

Answer 397

- plague - typhus

Answer 398

* influenza (seasonal, pandemic, avian) * Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) * Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) * Epidemic meningitis

Answer 399

* Hanta fever * Lassa fever * Salmonella * Leptospirosis * Plague * Rabies

Answer 400

* yellow fever * chikungunya * Zika fever * West Nile fever

Answer 401

* cholera * shigellosis * typhoid fever

Answer 402

- government (surveill, alert, protect) - regional surveillance & disease control (CDC, ECDC) - IHR (WHO)