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MD3 > Public health exam flashcards > Flashcards

Public health exam flashcards

1
Q

A cross-sectional study is a purely analytical type of survey method

A

FALSE. (A case-control is purely analytical)

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2
Q

Questionnaires are types of survey

A

FALSE (A questionnaire is part of a survey)

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3
Q

Relative Risk is a measure of disease frequency

A

FALSE (Relative Risk = The incidence rate of a disease in a population exposed to a given factor relative to the incidence rate of a disease in the population, not exposed to that factor)

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4
Q

The cancer registry can provide information with which to compile an ecological study

A

TRUE

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5
Q

The quality of data collected in a survey is usually better than that collected through routine sources of data collection

A

TRUE

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6
Q

Incidence can be calculated from a Case Control study

A

FALSE (Case Control studies are purely Analytical)

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7
Q

A valid tool is one which measures what it sets out to measure

A

TRUE

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8
Q

A randomised controlled trial has an in-built design formulated to lower the risk of selection bias

A

TRUE

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9
Q

Interviews offer higher response rates prospects than postal questionnaires

A

TRUE

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10
Q

Rates rather than individuals are compared in an ecological study

A

TRUE

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11
Q

The population strategy is a more radical approach to prevention than is the high risk strategy

A

TRUE

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12
Q

Prevalence rates are expressed as proportions or percentages

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Cohort studies are inherently lower in bias than case-control studies

A

TRUE

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14
Q

The aim of a study is a series of measurable objectives

A

FALSE

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15
Q

Defining the study population is an important aspect of survey that usually involves inclusions & exclusion criteria

A

TRUE

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16
Q

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution, determinants and control of health conditions in human populations

A

TRUE

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17
Q

A new drug is usually released after Phase 3 Trials are completed

A

TRUE

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18
Q

The strength of the relationship between a possible determinant and a disease outcome is one of the criteria considered when assessing disease causation

A

TRUE

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19
Q

Data are non-random symbols that represent quantities, actions, objects & concepts

A

TRUE

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20
Q

Donabedian makes a distinction between 2 types of outcome: Technical outcomes & inter-personal outcomes

A

TRUE

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21
Q

Lalonde’s Health Field Concept refers to the following four domains: Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Pathology.

A

FALSE (Human Biology, Health Care systems, Environment, Lifestyle)

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22
Q

The latest revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) is the sixth revision (ICD-6).

A

FALSE (ICD-11)

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23
Q

The National Statistics Office publishes the Demographic Review of the Maltese Islands.

A

TRUE

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24
Q

Information on causes of death is more reliable for deaths from age 45 to 64 than for deaths from age 85 upwards.

A

TRUE

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25
Q

Typically, a doctor is the data controller of the patient data contained in a Personal Health Record (PHR).

A

FALSE

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26
Q

In healthcare IT, PACS stands for Picture Archiving & Communication System.

A

TRUE

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27
Q

The Government of Malta’s myHealth Record portal provides patients with the possibility to access to personal health data online.

A

TRUE

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28
Q

Since the year 2000 several family doctors in Malta have used a computerised program called GPMALTI for record keeping in general practice

A

FALSE (TRANSHIS = Backed to be introduced by assocaition of family doctors in 2000 = 15 users by 2003

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29
Q

An audit is a study of what is being done

A

TRUE

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30
Q

A study which investigates what should be done falls under the category of research

A

TRUE

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31
Q

An audit may need ethics approval

A

TRUE

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32
Q

Research Ethics committee (REC) must have a member from outside the institution to which the REC belongs

A

TRUE

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33
Q

Qualitative research is often exploratory and it is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest

A

FALSE

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34
Q

Research in which the researcher uses the qualitative paradigm for one phase and the quantitative paradigm for another phase is known as Mixed method research

A

TRUE

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35
Q

A characteristic of qualitative research is Standardised tests and measures

A

FALSE

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36
Q

Phenomenology is qualitative research approach where the primary goal is to gain access to individuals’ inner worlds of experience?

A

TRUE

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37
Q

The incidence rate of leishmaniasis in Malta is estimated as the number of new cases over a period of 1 year divided by the Total population of Malta

A

TRUE

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38
Q

The incidence rate of leishmaniasis in Malta is estimated as the number of individuals who have ever had leishmaniasis at any point in their life divided by the total population of Malta.

A

FALSE

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39
Q

The incidence rate ratio for Malta versus Gozo is the incidence rate for GOZO divided by that for Malta

A

FALSE (Incidence rate ratio = ratio of the incidence rate in an exposed group divided by the incidence rate in an unexposed)

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40
Q

The best significance test to assess whether the incidence of leishmaniasis varies between Malta and Gozo is the Chi-squared test of association

A

TRUE

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41
Q

The chi-squared test of association can still be used if only 3 new cases of leishmaniasis are identified in one year.

A

FALSE (Fischers exact test for skewed distribution would need to be used

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42
Q

In hypothesis testing, incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis is known as a Type II error

A

FALSE (Rejecting the Null Hypothesis when its’ actually true = Type I error) (Failing to reject the null hypothesis when its’ actually false = Type II error)

Incorrectly rejection null hypothesis = Type 1
Incorrectly accepting null hypothesis = Type 2

43
Q

In hypothesis testing, incorrectly retaining the null hypothesis is known as a Type II error

44
Q

A sample size calculation is typically carried out to reduce the risk of Type II error.

45
Q

Type I error typically results when a non-representative sample would have been used to generate the statistic of interest.

46
Q

Type II error results from having an underpowered study.

47
Q

When inputting a dataset, every variable would have its own column.

48
Q

A spreadsheet or database software application should be used for the purposes of data inputting

49
Q

In a study database on a spreadsheet, every respondent should be in a different row.

50
Q

Individual responses should be entered as text in a study database.

51
Q

In order to maintain data integrity, a blank line should be left between the column titles between the title row and the data.

52
Q

The subjects used for the pilot study may be utilized again for the main study

53
Q

Convenience sampling, such as in a vox pop, can be considered as perfectly representative of the country’s population.

54
Q

Cluster sampling involves sampling groups instead of individuals

A

TRUE (Tribe in Africa)

55
Q

Random Sampling needs to be carried out on a computer

56
Q

Snowball sampling enables fairly representative sampling of hard-to-identify subpopulations

57
Q

Stratified sampling ensures representation of small subgroups within the population

58
Q

The mortality register is a source of routine epidemiological data

59
Q

Incidence & prevalence are both measures of disease frequency

60
Q

Cohort Studies are commenced after disease onsets

61
Q

The Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality is based in the United States of America

62
Q

The last Census of Population & Housing in Malta was held in 2001

A

FALSE (Being Held right now in November 2021) (2011 & 2005 before that)

63
Q

A copy of the Health For All database of the Regional Office of the World Health Organisation may be freely downloaded through the Internet

64
Q

In healthcare IT, PACS stands for Pathology Administration Computer System

A

FALSE (Picture Archiving & Communicating System)

65
Q

Health Level 4 (HL4) is the latest standard for messaging of structured data between healthcare IT systems

66
Q

Typically, a patient is the data controller of his/her own personal health data in a Personal Health Record

67
Q

Issues in integration of data between different IT systems may arise because of different field lengths, different value sets and/or different meanings of data in different systems

68
Q

Non-experimental is one of the approaches (methods) used in qualitative research

A

FALSE (Quantitative)

69
Q

Mixed method research is research in which the researcher used the qualitative paradigm for one phase and the quantitative paradigm for another phase

70
Q

Generalisation to the population is a characteristic of qualitative research

A

FALSE (Quantitative)

71
Q

Participant observations is a source of data which is appropriate for qualitative study

72
Q

An ecological study is a type of survey

A

False (Ecological study uses routinely collected data)

73
Q

Using routine data as a source of epidemiological information offers the advantage of greater validity

74
Q

True incidence can only be measured by a Cohort Study

75
Q

A questionnaire is a tool of measurement in a survey

76
Q

Population standardised death rates for a disease (Breast Cancer) are based on a dynamic population

77
Q

Information bias is commoner in prospective (Cohort) studies rather than in retrospective (Case-control) studies

78
Q

Surveys are considered as more telling of a causative relationship between exposure & outcome than are ecological studies based on routine data

79
Q

Case-Control studies are usually retrospective

80
Q

Utilising interviews carries the risk of a lower response than a mailed questionnaire when collecting data in a survey

81
Q

The RCT study is the highest form of analytical survey method available

82
Q

The definition of a disease is the same in clinical medicine as it is in an epidemiological survey

83
Q

The prevalence of a disease is the proportion of persons in a defined population who have the disease at a point in time

84
Q

Epidemiology involves a quantitative approach to disease & its causation

85
Q

Screening is advisable if a disease is considered important by the population, irrespective of the health resources for other diseases

86
Q

Case Control studies are purely descriptive & do not produce any analytical information

A

FALSE (Case-Control = purely analytical)

87
Q

Advantages of cohort studies include the ability for clear chronological sequence by which exposures invariably precede disease

88
Q

Consistency & Gradation of dose response are among the key criteria cited by Bradford Hill by which causality can be considered

89
Q

Exclusion criteria are often part of the way study populations are defined in epidemiological surveys

90
Q

Screening is one type of strategy for disease prevention

A

FALSE (To find disease in their earliest stages)

91
Q

Patients with mild to moderate dementia can give informed consent

92
Q

A study based on a representative sample of 250 Maltese residents, investigating inequality in the incidence of diabetes between districts of Malta, resulted in a p-value of 0.06 for the difference between the district incidences. This suggests that , should one repeat the study on the whole population of Malta, no difference between districts would be identified

93
Q

A small study on Parkinson’s disease patients using a specific quality of life score, resulted in the following percentage scores:

45, 90, 95, 75, 75, 75, 60, 30, 60, 55

(1) The median score = 66%
(2) The mean score is 66%
(3) The mode is 75%
(4) The maximum value = 90%
(5) All patients attained a score higher than the minimum acceptable threshold of 50%

A

(1) FALSE
(2) TRUE
(3) TRUE
(4) FALSE
(5) FALSE

94
Q

Decide whether the correct significance test has been applied in this case:

A chi-squared test of association has been used to check whether daily consumption of ice-tea was associated with an increase in the number of teeth showing decay

95
Q

Decide whether the correct significance test has been applied in this case:

A chi-squared test of association has been used to check whether daily smoking amongst patients hospitalised within MCH was associated with permanent discolouration of the teeth

96
Q

Decide whether the correct significance test has been applied in this case:

A Pearson correlation test was used to assess whether the dose of clozapine used was correlated with the white blood cell count

97
Q

Decide whether the correct significance test has been applied in this case:

A paired T-test was used to assess whether the mean thyroid stimulating hormone level amongst patients using lithium tablets was significantly different than in other patients not having this treatment

98
Q

Decide whether the correct significance test has been applied in this case:

A paired T-test was used to assess whether there was any individual change in BMI in a small number of patients after being introduced to Zumba

99
Q

Are the following categorical variables?

(1) Gender
(2) Height
(3) Age
(4) Blood Pressure
(5) Age Group

A

(1) True
(2) False
(3) False
(4) False
(5) True

100
Q

Regarding Sample Sizes:

The larger the difference between the 2 results expected from the intervention and the control group, the larger the sample size required

101
Q

Regarding Sample Sizes:

The sample size required increases proportionally to the difference between the interventional and control group

102
Q

Regarding Sample Sizes:

Once the predicted sample size is achieved, one should always get a significant difference between groups

103
Q

Regarding Sample Sizes:

If a researcher is working in a small country, the sample size will decrease accordingly

104
Q

Regarding Sample Sizes:

In a case-control study wherein cases are quite rare to find, the number of cases required can be kept to a minimum by increasing the ratio of controls to cases

MD3 (3 decks)

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