Public health

Question 1

What does consent have to be? (3)

Answer 1

• Voluntary
• Informed
• With capacity

Question 2

What would you tell the patient to inform their consent (4)

Answer 2

• What is involved
• Risks
• Benefits
• Other options available

Question 3

How would you tell if a patient has capacity (4)

Answer 3

• They understand information
• They can retain information
• They can weigh up the information
• They can make an informed decision based on information provided

Question 4

What do you do if patient does not have capacity (3)

Answer 4

• Decision made in best interest of patient (include family members)
• Advance statement
• Attorney - someone assigned to make decisions for them

Question 5

What if the patient is below 16 (3)

Answer 5

• Fraser-Gillicks guideline
• Asses if patient is deemed mature and competent enough
• If not parents decision

Question 6

When can you legally break patient confidentiality (3)

Answer 6

• To protect the patient from harm (eg. abuse)
• To protect the general public from harm (eg. infectious disease or terrorism)
• When patient gives you consent

Question 7

What is compliance

Answer 7

• The extent to which the patients behaviour coincides with medical or health advice

Question 8

What is Adherence

Answer 8

• The extent to which the patients actions match agreed recommendations (more patient centred)

Question 9

What is Concordance

Answer 9

• The expectation that patients will take part in treatment decisions and have say in consultation

Question 10

What are the reasons for non-adherence (3)

Answer 10

Unintentional
- Forgetting
- Misunderstanding
Intentional
- Patients beliefs

Question 11

What are the reasons unsafe practice may occur (4)

Answer 11

• Poor communication
• Training problems
• Staffing/staff incompetence
• Human error

Question 12

What are the types of error (4)

Answer 12

• Latent (resources insufficient)
• Organisational (management failures)
• Technical failure
• Active (direct patient contact)

Question 13

What is sensitivity

Answer 13

• Proportion of people with the disease that are correctly identified

Question 14

What is specificity

Answer 14

• Proportion of people without the disease who are correctly excluded

Question 15

What is incidence

Answer 15

• The rate at which new cases occur in a specified time period (often as a rate per 100,000)

Question 16

What is prevalence

Answer 16

• The proportion of a population who have a disease at any point in time (%)

Question 17

What is an ecological study

Answer 17

• A study using population level data (eg. mortality)

Question 18

What is a cross sectional study

Answer 18

• Look at the population at any point in time (eg. prevalence)

Question 19

What is a case control study

Answer 19

• Looking at people with a disease and comparing them to a control

Question 20

What is a cohort study

Answer 20

• Follows a group of people over time

Question 21

What is a random control trial

Answer 21

• Intervention given and compared to a control

Question 22

What is primary prevention

Answer 22

• Attempting to stop disease from occurring in first place by eliminating risk factors

Question 23

What is secondary prevention

Answer 23

• Detecting a disease as soon as possible to alter progression/outcome

Question 24

What is tertiary prevention

Answer 24

• Trying to slow down the progression of a disease/prevent re-occurrence/exacerbations