Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micro Bio & Clinical Micro > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

Define endemic

A

Disease that is peculiar or restricted to a locality or region, maintained in the population without external input. Constantly present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define epidemic

A

Outbreak of disease affecting a disproportionately large percentage of population, community, or region at the same time. Higher incidence than expected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What was the Poor Act of 1601?

A

Defined “poor” services that people could receive after the collapse of the feudal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What did John Graunt create in London for the first time?

A

Bills of Mortality - a record of “vital statistics” -

an attempt to make official record of births and deaths. Used to estimate population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did Edwin Chadwick work on, and what did it lead to?

A

Sanitation, hygiene, factory management, child welfare, care of elderly.

Lead to establishment of general board of health.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

For what is Florence Nightingale famous?

A

Establishing a school of nursing.

Nursing work during the Crimean War.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What was the first federal health agency in the united states?

A

Marine Hospital Fund - physicians in port for merchant seamen.

Eventually became the Marine Hospital Service

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who ran the Marine Hospital Service?

A

Eventually the surgeon general

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What agency transformed into the US Public Health Service?

A

Marine Hospital Service

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What act was passed in 1935 in response to the great depression to try and support the poor, elderly, and disabled?

A

Social security act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What did the social security act have to do with public health at its conception?

A

It provided funding for research into priority diseases during the great depression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What organization declared that health is a human right?

A

World Health Organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

WHO includes what organization dedicated to improving health and living standards in the Americans?

A

Pan America Health Organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What UN organization fights for the rights of children globally?

A

United Nations Children Fund

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the categories of children’s rights fought for by UNICEF?

A
  • food and supplies
  • disease control
  • family planning
  • child development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What organization is the largest health program in the world?

A

Dept. of Health and Human Services

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The US Public Health Service is currently under the oversight of what agency?

A

DHHS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Primary health care is essential care that has what (4) characteristics?

A
  • practical
  • scientifically sound
  • socially acceptable
  • available to all people
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the (8) components of primary care?

A
  • education
  • nutrition & food supply
  • safe water & basic sanitation
  • family planning, maternal and child health
  • immunization
  • prevention of endemic disease
  • treatment of disease and injury
  • essential drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What office manages the Healthy People program?

A

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the Healthy People program determine and publish?

A

10 year national objectives for improving American health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the main focus of Healthy People 2020?

A

Identifying, measuring, tracking, and reducing health disparities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the largest health care workers organization worldwide?

A

American Public Health Association

Has section for chiropractic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the (4) main areas covered by the American Public Health Association?

A
  • funding for health programs
  • chronic and infectious diseases
  • pollution & smoke free society
  • public health education
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Achievements in public health include improvement in what major areas, and recognition of what major health risks?

A

Improvements in:

  • infectious diseases
  • vaccinations
  • workplace safety
  • motor vehicle safety
  • safer food
  • coronary heart disease
  • mother & infant health
  • family planning

Recognition of health risks:

  • lack of fluoride
  • tobacco hazards
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define epidemiology

A

Controlling health problems through the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specific populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Definite etiology

A

The study of causation - of why things occur

As relates to epidemiology, the study of what causes a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What did Edward Jenner figure out?

A

That smallpox and cowpox are related and you can prevent smallpox using cowpox as a vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What did John Snow figure out?

A

That a cholera outbreak was related to a particular water pump - removed the pump handle to prevent people from using it and getting sick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the (3) factors necessary for disease transmission?

A
  1. Pathogen (usually microbe)
  2. Susceptible, reactive host (like a human)
  3. Environmental conditions bringing the pathogen to the host
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the (3) types of disease transmission?

A
  • direct
  • indirect
  • vector
32
Q

What is direct transmission of a disease?

A

Disease passing from one person to another through physical contact

33
Q

What does it mean if a person is a carrier of disease?

A

A carrier is a person who can infect others with a disease without exhibiting symptoms of it

34
Q

What are the mechanisms of indirect disease transmission?

A

Contaminated food, water, and inanimate objects

35
Q

What are the most common vectors of disease transmission?

A
  • insects, especially mosquitos and flies

- arachnids, especially ticks

36
Q

What are the (3) patterns of host-pathogen relationship?

A
  • mutualistic
  • commensal
  • parasitic
37
Q

What is a mutualistic host-pathogen relationship?

A

Symbiosis in which all involved organisms benefit

38
Q

What is a commensal host-pathogen relationship?

A

Symbiosis in which none of the organisms involved obviously benefit from the relationship

39
Q

What is a parasitic host-pathogen relationship?

A

Symbiosis in which only one partner benefits, at the expense of the other

40
Q

What is a reservoir of infection?

A

A long term host of a pathogen, usually without injury to itself.

Can be inanimate or living

41
Q

What is a primary reservoir of infection?

What are 2 examples?

A

An infection source with microbes that are viable and multiply

  • food
  • soil
42
Q

What is a secondary reservoir of infection?

What are 2 examples?

A

An infection source with viable microbes that do not multiply

  • air
  • soil
43
Q

What are living reservoirs of infection?

A
  • humans

- non human animals

44
Q

What is zoonosis?

A

Any infectious disease that can pass from non human animals to humans

  • tape worm
  • mad cow disease
45
Q

Risk of disease can vary with what characteristics or circumstances?

A
  • age
  • gender
  • ethnicity
  • occupation
  • previous disease
  • nutrition
  • sources of food and water
46
Q

What is the difference between endemic and epidemic?

A

Endemic diseases are constantly present in a population.

Epidemics are a higher than expected incidence of a disease

47
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

A global epidemic of an infectious disease that affects people or animals

48
Q

What is an outbreak?

A

A localized epidemic —> no clear distinction between epidemic and outbreak

49
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When a critical portion of a population is immune to a disease (immune by any method)

50
Q

How does herd immunity protect the herd?

A

It results in the inability of an infectious disease to spread, due to lack of susceptible hosts

51
Q

What is BOD as relates to water quality?

A

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

52
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

The aging of a body of water, as a result of high BOD

53
Q

What are coliforms?

A

Microbes present in water that are:

  • Gram negative
  • lactose fermenting
  • gas producing
  • facultative
54
Q

How many coliforms can be present in drinking water?

A

Zero

55
Q

MacConkey and EMB agar are testing for the presence of what kind of colonies by looking for what product?

A

Coliforms, by looking for the presence of lactose

Lactose (+) = dark purple colonies, or colonies with dark centers, depending on the test

56
Q

What is the primary goal of sewage treatment?

A

Reducing biochemical oxygen demand

57
Q

What happens during the primary treatment of sewage?

A

Physical process: removal of solid material in sedimentation tanks

58
Q

What is the product of primary sewage treatment?

A

Effluent

59
Q

What happens during the secondary treatment of sewage?

A

Biological process, either:

  • trickling filter: effluent sprayed over rocks, allowing microbes to digest organic material
  • activated sludge process: slime-forming bacteria added to effluent, which digest organic material and form flotsam. Water then treated with UV light
60
Q

When does the most BOD reduction happen in sewage treatment?

A

Secondary treatment (95% reduction)

61
Q

What happens in the tertiary treatment of sewage?

A

Addition of lime or alum to remove nitrates and phosphates.

Dechlorination follows.

Expensive.

62
Q

How is milk pasteurized?

A

15 seconds at 72 degrees

Used to be 30 mins at 62 degrees

63
Q

What enzyme should be destroyed in pasteurization?

A

Phosphatase

64
Q

What is the goal of a harm study?

A

Assessing the causal relationship between an exposure and a disease

65
Q

What is a confounder?

A

Anything that independently affects the relationship between an exposure and an outcome (disease)

66
Q

What are the (6) conditions Hill outlined for determining causality?

A
  1. Temporal relationship
  2. Dose-response relationship
  3. Experimental evidence
  4. Strength of relationship (statistical significance)
  5. Consistency
  6. Plausibility
67
Q

What kind of study is best for looking at multiple, interactive causes of harm?

A

Cohort study

68
Q

What kind of study allows us to calculate a relative risk?

A

Cohort study

69
Q

What is a relative risk?

A

The likelihood that exposure to a particular factor results in an specific outcome, compared to not being exposed.

Ex: line workers are 5.7 times more likely to get carpal tunnel than those who do not do line work.

Exposure = line work
Relative risk = 5.7 times increased risk

70
Q

What kind of study allows us to calculate an odds ratio?

A

A case control study

71
Q

What is an odds ratio?

A

The likelihood that a group with a particular outcome was exposed to a certain factor (retrospective)

72
Q

What does it mean if the relative risk or odds ratio = 1?

A

That exposure to the factor does not affect risk of disease

73
Q

What does it mean if the relative risk or odds ratio is less than 1?

A

That exposure to the factor decreases likelihood of disease

74
Q

What does it mean if the relative risk or odds ratio exceeds 1?

A

That exposure to the factor increases risk of disease

75
Q

What are 2 “pros” of a case control study?

A
  • speed: it’s retrospective so you can gather your data quickly
  • rare conditions: you can study rare conditions that may never develop if you were to do a prospective study
76
Q

What did Ambroise Pare discover in the 1500’s?

A

Figured out how to cauterize wounds without boiling oil

77
Q

What did James Lind study in the 1740’s?

A

Scurvy, and whether it could be treated with lime juice.

Micro Bio & Clinical Micro (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions