Public Health Flashcards

Question

Problems with comparative approach to health needs assessment?

Answer 1

May not yield the most appropriate level of provision or utilisation Data may not be available Data may be of variable quality May be difficult to find a comparable population

Answer 2

``` Based upon input from various stakeholders. Commissioners Providers Professionals Patients Press Politicians Opinion leaders ```

Answer 3

Difficult to distinguish need and demand Vested interests Political agendas Dominant personalities may have undue influence

Answer 4

``` Lack of affordable housing/ eviction Relationship breakdown Domestic abuse Job loss/ unemployment Bereavement Drug abuse Mental health Gambling Debt ```

Answer 5

People who need care Ex-prisoners Ex-armed forces LGBTQIAPK+

Answer 6

Need and availability of care are inversely proportional.

Answer 7

``` Language Chaos Transport Lack of trust in services Education Low level of provision ```

Answer 8

``` Poorly controlled chronic disease Infectious diseases Malnourishment TB HIV STIs Skin, feet, teeth Injury ```

Answer 9

Believe: They are susceptible that it has serious consequences that taking action reduces susceptibility that the benefits of taking action outweigh the costs Best for easy, manageable things. Not repeat, ingrained, habitual behaviour.

Answer 10

Can be internal or external cues • Smoking cessation: Stead et al. (2008) even brief simple advice from a GP can make a patient stop smoking for up to 12 months • Not always necessary for behaviour change

Answer 11

Alternative factors: outcome expectancy, self efficacy. Does not account for emotional influence. Does not distinguish between first time and repeat offenders. Cues to action not looked at in research.

Answer 12

Intention is best predictor of behaviour change: Determined by: • A persons attitude to the behaviour • The perceived social pressure to undertake the behaviour, or subjective norm • A persons appraisal of their ability to perform the behaviour, or their perceived behavioural control

Answer 13

Perceived control Anticipated regret Preparatory actions: sub-goals Implementation intentions: if-then

Answer 14

* Criticisms include the lack of a temporal element, and the lack of direction or causality (Schwarzer, 1982) * TPB is a “rational choice model”. Doesn’t take in to account emotions such as fear, threat, positive affect, all of which might disrupt “rational” decision making * Model does not explain how attitudes, intentions and perceived behavioural control interact * Habits and routines - which Simon (1957) referred to as “procedural rationality” - bypass cognitive deliberation and undermine a key assumption of the model * Assumes that attitudes, subjective norms and PBC can be measured * Relies on self-reported behaviour

Answer 15

Examines the process of change, rather than factors that determine behaviour..........Allows for interventions to be tailored to the individual according to what stage they are at • Pre-contemplation – no intention of giving up smoking • Contemplation – beginning to consider giving up, probably at some ill-defined time in the future • Preparation – getting ready to quit in the near future • Action – engaged in giving up smoking now • Maintenance – steady non-smoker, i.e. state of change reached

Answer 16

``` • Acknowledges individual stages of readiness (tailored interventions) • Accounts for relapse • Temporal element (although arbitrary) ```

Answer 17

``` • Not all people move thorough every stage, some people move backwards and forwards or miss some stages out completely • Change might operate on a continuum rather than in discrete stages • Doesn’t take in to account values, habits, culture, social and economic factors ```

Answer 18

* Impact of personality traits on health behaviour * Assessment of risk perception * Impact of past behaviour/habit * Automatic influences on health behaviour * Predictors of maintenance of health behaviours * Social environment

Answer 19

Interventions in partnership with individuals, communities, organisations and populations. Population-level interventions may affect individuals, and community- and family-level interventions may affect whole populations. ``` Typical transition points include: • leaving school, • entering the workforce • becoming a parent • becoming unemployed • retirement and bereavement ```

Answer 20

Deficiency, excess or imbalance in caloric or nutritional intake

Answer 21

Genetics, employment (shift work), early developmental factors, TV viewing/ advertisements, characteristics of food (energy density, macronutrient composition, satiety and satiation, portion size), reduced physical activity, sleep, environmental cues, psychological factors

Answer 22

``` • Cancer • Cystic Fibrosis • Coeliac disease • Inflammatory bowel diseases • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus – “diabulimia” • Type II Diabetes • Failure to thrive • Eating disorders • Overweight, obesity • Management of sarcopenic obesity in elderly patients ```

Answer 23

• Maternal diet and taste preference development - aminotic fluid • Role of breastfeeding for taste preference and bodyweight regulation • Parenting practices • Other important influences: Age of introduction of solid food, types of food exposed to during the weaning period and beyond…

Answer 24

``` Efficient Digestion ==> Enzymes: lipase, lysozyme Transfer factors: lactoferrin Gut Protection ==> Epidermal growth factor Secretory IgA Anti-inflammatories Anti-Infective ==> Bifidus factor White cells Oligosaccarides Everyday Health ==> Antibodies Entero/broncho-mammary pathways Viral fragments lactoferrin – aids dental hygiene ```

Answer 25

➢Acceptance of novel foods during weaning (Mennella 2015) ➢Evidence to suggest that children who were breastfed are less picky eaters in childhood (Galloway et al. 2003) ➢Have a diet richer in fruit and vegetables if BF > 3m (Nicklaus 2016)