Public Health Flashcards
comminutarinism/community ethics
Is the act good for everyone who will be affected by the act?
deontology
Is the act right or wrong in itself, irrespective of benefits for me, or other consequences?
Abiding to “duty of care”
Consequentialism/utilitarianism
Whether an action is right or wrong is dependent on the consequences – the action is right if it maximises the greatest positive consequence
religious theory
does the act respect the sanctity of human life
virtue ethics
Am I being honest to myself + consistent in my acts?
Professionalism and morals matter most
E.g. GP says that he cannot refer a patient request abortion as it is against his relief, but refers her to his GP colleague
4 ethical principles
Autonomy (free will)
Beneficence (do good)
Non-maleficence (do no harm)
Justice (fair distribution of gain/cost)
biomedical model
The body as a machine
Does not take into account the patient – how they are feeling, social factors, behaviour etc.
biopsychosical model
Integrating disease + patient factors (includes that which is not included in biomedial model)
incidence
No. of new cases of disease in a population
No. of persons with risk of developing the disease in the same population
prevalence
No. of cases of disease present in a population
No. of persons with risk of having disease in the same population
negative predictive value
- Testing true negatives/true negatives
- Proportion of those who test negative who actually do not have the disease
sensitivity
Proportion of those who have the disease who are correctly identified by a +ve test
specificity
Proportion of those who do not have the disease who are correctly identified by a –ve test
yield
No. of previously undiagnosed cases picked up by a screening programme
penetrance
Proportion of individuals carrying a particular variant of a gene (allele or genotype) that also expresses an associated trait (phenotype).
Likelihood of having the disease if you have the mutation
energy times
