Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

public health > public health 3a > Flashcards

public health 3a Flashcards

1
Q

Define public health

A

the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and improving health through organised efforts of society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define equity

A

giving people what they need to achieve equal outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define equality

A

giving everyone the same rights, opportunities and resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define horizontal equity

A

equal treatment for people with the equal health care needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define vertical equity

A

unequal treatment for unequal health care needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the inverse care law

A

availability of health care tends to vary inversely with its need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

give 8 determinants of health (progress)

A

P - place of residence
R - race
O - occupation
G - gender
R - religion
E - education
S - socio-economic
S - social capital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 3 domains of public health

A
  • health improvement
  • health protection
  • improving services
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define health improvement (domain of public health)

A

societal interventions aimed at preventing disease, promoting health and reducing inequalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

give 3 examples of health improvement (domains of public health)

A
  • education
  • housing
  • employment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define health protection (domains of public health)

A

measures to control infectious disease and environmental hazards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

give 4 examples of health protection (domains of public health)

A
  • radiation
  • immunisation
  • emergency response
  • environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define improving services (domains of public health)

A

organisation and delivery of safe, hight quality services

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

give 4 examples of improving services (domains of public health)

A
  • clinical effectiveness
  • efficiency
  • audit
  • clinical governance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the 3 types of health behaviour

A
  • health behaviour
  • illness behaviour
  • sick role behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define health behaviour

A

behaviour aimed to prevent disease
e.g. regular exercise/eating healthy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define illness behaviour

A

behaviour aimed to seek remedy
e.g. going to the doctor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

define sick role behaviour

A

behaviour aimed at getting well
e.g. taking medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define unrealistic optimism

A

individuals continue to practice health damaging behaviours due to inaccurate perceptions of risk and susceptability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what 4 factors influence perception of risk

A
  • lack of personal experience with the problem
  • belief that the problem is preventable by personal action
  • belief that if its not happened by now, its unlikely to
  • believe that the problem is infrequent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

give 5 transition points at which interventions are thought to be more effective

A
  • leaving school
  • entering the workforce
  • becoming a parent
  • becoming unemployed
  • retirement and bereavement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

give the 4 points that make up the health belief model

A

individuals change their behaviour if:
- believe they are susceptible to the condition
- believe there are serious consequences
- believe taking action reduces susceptibility
- believe that benefits of taking action outweigh the costs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

outline the health belief model

A

perceived barriers have been demonstrated to be the most important factor in addressing behaviour change in patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the disadvantages of the health belief model

A
  • does not consider social cues in change of behaviour
  • does not consider influence of emotions
  • does not differentiate between first time and repeat behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
outline the theory of planned behaviour
proposes that the best predictor of behaviour change is intention
26
give the 3 points that make up the theory of planned behaviour
- personal attitude to the behaviour - social pressure to change behaviour (social norm) - person's perceived behaviour control
27
what are the disadvantages of the theory of planned behaviour
- doesn't take into account emotions - doesn't take into account habits and routines - lacks temporal element
28
what are the stages of the trans-theoretical model
- pre-contemplation (not ready yet) - contemplation (thinking about it) - preparation (getting ready) - action (doing it) - maintenance (sticking with it)
29
what are the advantages and disadvantages of the trans-theoretical model of behaviour change
+ accounts for relapse and temporal element, acknowledges differing stages of readiness - not all people move through every stage linearly, doesn't take cultural views into account
30
give 4 signs of addiction
- craving - tolerance - compulsive drug seeking behaviour - withdrawal
31
what are the 4 principles of treating addiction
- reduce harm to user, family, friends - improve health - stabilise life, - reduce crime
32
what can be offered to newly presenting drug users
- screening for blood borne virus - health check - sexual heal/contraception advice - check immunisation history - signpost to drug services
33
what are the 5 levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- physiological needs (food, water, warmth) - safety needs (security, safety) - belongingness and love needs (intimate relationships, friends) - esteem needs (feeling of accomplisment) - self-actualisation (achieving your full potential, including creative activities)
34
give 7 indications of dependancy
- withdrawal symptoms - cravings - drinking despite negative consequences - tolerance - primacy (put drinking before other activities) - loss of control - narrowing of repertoire
35
describe 2 things used in alcohol dependancy treamtent
disulfuram - promotes abstinence drinking alcohol causes severe reaction due to inhibition of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase acamprosate - reduces craving known to be a weak antagonist of NMDA receptors, improves abstinence in placebo controlled trials
36
what is an asylum seeker
someone who is applying for refugee status
37
what is a refugee
someone who has been granted asylum status, usually 5 years
38
give 5 barriers to refugee health
- reluctance of GPs to register them - illiteracy - communication - lack of permanent site - mistrust of professionals
39
give examples of health problems for refugees
- injury/illness from war or travelling - communicable disease - lack of health screening/immunisation - malnutrition - untreated chronic disease - mental illness
40
what 4 factors help develop food behaviours
- maternal diet - breastfeeding - parenting practices - age of introduction to solids and types of food given
41
define malnutrition
deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person's intake of energy and/or nutrients
42
what are the 4 dimensions of food insecurity
- availability - access - economic and physical - utilisation - opportunity to prepare food - stability of the three dimensions over time
43
what are the 4 aspects of negligence
- was there a duty of care - was there a breach of that duty - was the patient harmed - was the harm due to the breach of care
44
what is the Bolam rule
would a reasonable doctor do the same
45
what is the Bolitho rule
would that be reasonable
46
what is a never event
serious, largely preventable patient safety incidents, should not occur if the available preventative measures have been implemented e.g. wrong site for surgery, wrong drug, escape of psych patient
47
define systems approach and person approach (negligence)
person approach - hold one person accountable systems approach - identify there are latent errors in the system (eliminates blame culture)
48
what are the 10 types of error
- sloth = being lazy, not checking results for accuracy - fixation/loss of perspective = focus on one diagnosis (confirmation bias) - communication breakdown = unclear plan/not listening or explaining well - poor team working = some individuals out of depth and others underutilised - playing the odds = choosing the common and dismissing the rare - bravado/timidity = working beyond competence/not having confidence to object - ignorance = lack of knowledge (conscious or unconscious) - mistriage = over or under estimating the severity of the situation - lack of skill = not having appropriate skills/training/practice - system error = environmental/technological/equipment failure
49
describe the swiss cheese model of error
falling through the holes because there is failed or absent defences against error happening. these are called latent failures errors occur when multiple holes line up
50
how do you classify error
intention - failure of planned action to reach desired action action - task specific outcome - near miss or death context - interruptions, team factors
51
describe the bucket model of error
self = poor knowledge, fatigue, little experience/skill, feeling unwell context = distraction, poor handover, lack of team support, equipment task = errors, task complexity, new task, process
52
what are the 3 levels of public health interventions
individual = immunisations community = playgrounds ecological = clean air act, ban smoking in public areas
53
what is a health needs assessment (resource allocation)
systematic method for reviewing the health issues facing a population, leading to agreed priorities and resource allocation that will improve health and reduce inequalities
54
what are the 4 types of health care needs
- felt need - expressed need - normative need - comparative need
55
what is felt need
individual perceptions of variation from normal health - patient feels unwell
56
what is expressed need
individual seeks help to overcome variation in normal health (demand) - patient goes to the doctor
57
what is normative need
professional defines intervention that is appropriate for the expressed need - Dr says what they need
58
what is comparative need
comparison between severity, range of interventions and cost
59
describe the epidemiological approach to health needs assessment
- disease incidence and prevalence - morbidity & mortality - life expectancy data is from: - disease registry - hospital admissions - GP databases - mortality data
60
describe the corporate approach to health needs assessment
- asking the local population what their health needs are - use focus groups, interviews, public meetings wide variety of stakeholders: - teachers - healthcare professionals - social workers - local businesses - council workers - politicians
61
describe the comparative approach to health needs assessment
- compare the needs/provision of health care in one population with another - can be spatial (different towns) - or social (two age groups in the same town)
62
what are the 3 approaches to resource allocation
- egalitarian - maximising - libertarian
63
describe the egalitarian approach to resource allocation (+/-)
provide ALL care that is necessary and required for everyone + equal - too expensive
64

public health (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions