Public Health 3 Flashcards
1
Q
- What is a health needs assessment ?
A
- The first stage of the ‘planning cycle’ for a health service
- This cycle is the process all health services go through for new services and improvements
2
Q
- What is a planning cycle for health services ?
A
- Needs assessment
- Planning
- Implementation
- Evaluation
- Review
- Repeat
3
Q
- What is a Health Need and how is it assessed ?
A
- Defined as a need for health that can benefit from health care or from wider social and environmental changes
- Measured using mortality, morbidity and socio-demographic measures
4
Q
- What are the 4 sociological perspectives of need or Bradshaw’s Need ?
A
- Felt need
- Expressed need
- Normative need
- Comparative need
5
Q
- What is a felt need ?
A
- Individual perceptions of variation from normal health e.g. feeling ill
6
Q
- What is an expressed need ?
A
- Individuals seek help to overcome variation in normal health e.g. going to the GP/and to access services = demand
7
Q
- What is a normative need ?
A
- Based on professional judgement
8
Q
- What is a comparative need ?
A
- Based on needs of people with similar attributes e.g. healthcare services compare + rank patients based on the above categories
9
Q
- What are 2 approaches that can be used during the Evaluation aspect of a health service planning cycle ?
A
- Donabedian approach
- Maxwell’s dimension
10
Q
- What does a Donabedian approach consider when evaluating a health service during its planning cycle ?
A
- Structure – what there is
- Process – what is done
- Outcome – mortality, morbidity, patient related outcome, measure, patient satisfaction focus groups (qualitative)
11
Q
- What are the measurements in a Donabedian approach to evaluation of a health service during its planning cycle ?
A
- Death
- Disease
- Disability
- Discomfort
- Dissatisfactions
12
Q
- What are Maxwell’s Dimension of Quality ?
A
- 3Es and 3As
- Effectiveness – does it produce desire effect ?
- Efficiency – Is the output maximized for impact ?
- Equality – equal access for patients ?
- Acceptability – Operations happen at an acceptable time of day ?
- Accessibility – Patients from far away can access ?
- Appropriateness - Do those who actually need it get it ?
13
Q
What is a health behaviour ?
A
- A behaviour aimed at reventing disease or illness e.g. eating healthily
14
Q
What is an illness behaviour ?
A
- A behaviour aimed at seeking remedy e.g. going to the GP
15
Q
What is a sickness behaviour ?
A
- An activity aimed at getting well e.g. taking prescribed medications or resting exposure in question
16
Q
- What are the 5 models of behaviour change ?
A
- Theory of planned behaviour
- Nudge theory
- Stages of change model
- Health belief model
- Motivational interviewing
17
Q
- What is the Theory of Planned Behaviour Change
A
- Proposes that the best predictor of behaviour is ‘’intention’’ e.g. intend to give up smoking
- 3 factors determine intention in this theory
- A persons attitude e.g. smoko isn’t good
- Subjective norms – perceived social pressure to undertake behaviour e.g. people who are important to me want me to stop smoko
- Perceived behavioral control – a persons appraisal of their ability to perform the behaviour e.g. I can give up smoko
18
Q
- What are the disadvantages to the Theory of Planned Behaviour Change ?
A
- Doesn’t take into account emotions
- Relies on self-reported behaviour (people may lie)
- Lack of temporal element (no timescale)
- Assume the attitudes, subjective norms + perceived behavioural changes can be measured
19
Q
- What is Nudge theory ?
A
- Changing environment to make the best/healthiest option the easiest
- E.g. opt-out schemes, placing fruit next to the checkout instead of the sweats
20
Q
- What are the 6 steps in the Stages of Change Model of behaviour change ?
A
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
- Termination
21
Q
- Way to remember stages of change model of behavioral change ?
A
- PCP actually makes terminators
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
- Termination
22
Q
- What are the advantages of the Stage of Change model of behavioral change ?
A
- Acknowledges the individual stages of readiness
- Accounts for relapse and allows for individuals to move back in stages
- Gives idea of time frame/progression
23
Q
- What are the disadvantages of the Stages of Change model of behavioral change ?
A
- Not all people move through every stage
- Doesn’t account for values, habits, culture and socioeconomic factors
24
Q
- What is the Health Belief Model
A
- The idea that to increase the chance of an individual changing a health behaviour, you need to influence how they perceive 4 factors
- Perceived susceptibility
- Perceived severity
- Perceived benefit
- Perceived barriers
25
Q
- What is Perceived Susceptibility in the context of the Health Belief Model ?
A
- More likely to change their behaviour if they are susceptible to the condition e.g. patient needs to perceive they could develop lung cancer in order to stop smoking
26
Q
- What is Perceived Benefit in the context of the Health Belief Model ?
A
- A patient is more likely to change if they believe that taking action reduces their susceptibility e.g. if they stop smoking then they will reduce the chance of lung cancer
27
Q
- What is the Perceived Severity in the context of the Health Belief Model ?
A
- A patient is more likely to change if they believe that the condition has serious consequences for them e.g. lung cancer is bad for them
28
Q
- What are Perceived Barriers in the context of the Health Belief Model ?
A
- A patient is more likely to change if they believe that the benefits outweigh the costs e.g. there are smoking services to help them remove the barriers
