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Specialties > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

Name 5 types of study

A

Case control
Case series
Cohort study
Randomised control trial
Meta-analysis

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2
Q

Describe case control studies

A

Observational study looking at two sets of participants - one with the condition, one without

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3
Q

Describe case series studies

A

Description of the characteristics and outcomes among a group of individuals with either a disease or exposure over a period of time without control group

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4
Q

Describe a cohort study

A

Longitudinal study following participants over a period of time - retrospective/prospective

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5
Q

Describe a RCT

A

Prospective study measuring the effectiveness of a new intervention/treatment

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6
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

Study design used to systematically assess the results of previous research to derive conclusions about that body of research

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7
Q

What are the two key types of data?

A

Quantitative - numerical
Qualitative - categorical

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8
Q

What are the two types of quantitative data?

A

Discrete - integers
Continuous - any value

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8
Q

What are the two types of qualitative data?

A

Ordinal - ordered (stages)
Nominal - non-ordered (blood type/gender)

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9
Q

What is selection bias?

A

Error in selection process

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10
Q

Patients who are lost to follow up differ from those who return is what type of bias?

A

Attrition

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11
Q

What is measurement bias?

A

Information recorded inaccurately

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12
Q

Variables reported differently between assessors is what type of bias?

A

Observer bias

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13
Q

What is procedure bias?

A

Subjects in different arms of study treated differently

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14
Q

What is central tendency bias?

A

Observed when a scale is used with few options and responses trend towards centre

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15
Q

What bias occurs when a variable is classified incorrectly?

A

Misclassification

16
Q

Describe normal distribution

A

Mean =0
Standard deviation = 1
Bell curve

17
Q

What test is used for parametric data that is collected to assess the difference between two groups?

A

Two sample t-test (unpaired)

18
Q

What test is used for non-parametric data collected to assess the difference between two groups?

A

Wilcoxon rank sum
Mann Whitney U test
Kendall’s S test

19
Q

What test can be used for parametric data collected to assess the difference between more than two groups?

A

One way analysis of variance

20
Q

What test can be used on non-parametric data comparing more than two groups?

A

Friedman’s/Kruskal-Wallis

21
Q

What test can be used for parametric data collected to measure the strength of association between two variables?

A

Correlation coefficient

22
Q

What test can be used for non-parametric data collected to measure the strength of association between two variables?

A

Kendall’s tau rank correlation
Spearman’s rank

23
Q

What test can be used for parametric data to assess the difference between paired observations?

A

Paired t-test

24
Q

What test can be used for non-parametric data to assess the difference between paired observations?

A

Wilcoxon signed rank test
Sign test

25
Q

What is artefact?

A

Explanation seeks to account for inequalities in health as a construct of the measurement process

26
Q

What explanation states that culture determines our behavioural choices affect health?

A

Cultural/behavioural

27
Q

What is the materialist explanation?

A

Poverty exposes people to health hazards as disadvantaged people are more likely to live in areas where they are exposed to harm

28
Q

What explanation implies that health determines socioeconomic position, so healthier people move towards better socioeconomic positions?

A

Social selection/mobility

29
Q

What is a p value?

A

Probability that the null hypothesis is true

30
Q

What p value is significantly significant?

A

<0.05

31
Q

What is the purpose of a chi-squared test?

A

To establish whether there is a significant difference between two groups of categorical data

32
Q

Define NNT

A

Number of patients that would have to receive the intervention in question to prevent one adverse event

33
Q

Describe sensitive vs specific

A

Specific - unlikely to positive in alternative condition
Sensitive - likely to be positive in presence of disease

34
Q

How do you calculate NNT?

A

Total population/lives saved

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