Public Health

Question 1

Name 5 types of study

Answer 1

Case control
Case series
Cohort study
Randomised control trial
Meta-analysis

Question 2

Describe case control studies

Answer 2

Observational study looking at two sets of participants - one with the condition, one without

Question 3

Describe case series studies

Answer 3

Description of the characteristics and outcomes among a group of individuals with either a disease or exposure over a period of time without control group

Question 4

Describe a cohort study

Answer 4

Longitudinal study following participants over a period of time - retrospective/prospective

Question 5

Describe a RCT

Answer 5

Prospective study measuring the effectiveness of a new intervention/treatment

Question 6

What is a meta-analysis?

Answer 6

Study design used to systematically assess the results of previous research to derive conclusions about that body of research

Question 7

What are the two key types of data?

Answer 7

Quantitative - numerical
Qualitative - categorical

Question 8

What are the two types of quantitative data?

Answer 8

Discrete - integers
Continuous - any value

Question 8

What are the two types of qualitative data?

Answer 8

Ordinal - ordered (stages)
Nominal - non-ordered (blood type/gender)

Question 9

What is selection bias?

Answer 9

Error in selection process

Question 10

Patients who are lost to follow up differ from those who return is what type of bias?

Answer 10

Attrition

Question 11

What is measurement bias?

Answer 11

Information recorded inaccurately

Question 12

Variables reported differently between assessors is what type of bias?

Answer 12

Observer bias

Question 13

What is procedure bias?

Answer 13

Subjects in different arms of study treated differently

Question 14

What is central tendency bias?

Answer 14

Observed when a scale is used with few options and responses trend towards centre

Question 15

What bias occurs when a variable is classified incorrectly?

Answer 15

Misclassification

Question 16

Describe normal distribution

Answer 16

Mean =0
Standard deviation = 1
Bell curve

Question 17

What test is used for parametric data that is collected to assess the difference between two groups?

Answer 17

Two sample t-test (unpaired)

Question 18

What test is used for non-parametric data collected to assess the difference between two groups?

Answer 18

Wilcoxon rank sum
Mann Whitney U test
Kendall’s S test

Question 19

What test can be used for parametric data collected to assess the difference between more than two groups?

Answer 19

One way analysis of variance

Question 20

What test can be used on non-parametric data comparing more than two groups?

Answer 20

Friedman’s/Kruskal-Wallis

Question 21

What test can be used for parametric data collected to measure the strength of association between two variables?

Answer 21

Correlation coefficient

Question 22

What test can be used for non-parametric data collected to measure the strength of association between two variables?

Answer 22

Kendall’s tau rank correlation
Spearman’s rank

Question 23

What test can be used for parametric data to assess the difference between paired observations?

Answer 23

Paired t-test

Question 24

What test can be used for non-parametric data to assess the difference between paired observations?

Answer 24

Wilcoxon signed rank test Sign test

Question 25

What is artefact?

Answer 25

Explanation seeks to account for inequalities in health as a construct of the measurement process

Question 26

What explanation states that culture determines our behavioural choices affect health?

Answer 26

Cultural/behavioural

Question 27

What is the materialist explanation?

Answer 27

Poverty exposes people to health hazards as disadvantaged people are more likely to live in areas where they are exposed to harm

Question 28

What explanation implies that health determines socioeconomic position, so healthier people move towards better socioeconomic positions?

Answer 28

Social selection/mobility

Question 29

What is a p value?

Answer 29

Probability that the null hypothesis is true

Question 30

What p value is significantly significant?

Answer 30

<0.05

Question 31

What is the purpose of a chi-squared test?

Answer 31

To establish whether there is a significant difference between two groups of categorical data

Question 32

Define NNT

Answer 32

Number of patients that would have to receive the intervention in question to prevent one adverse event

Question 33

Describe sensitive vs specific

Answer 33

Specific - unlikely to positive in alternative condition Sensitive - likely to be positive in presence of disease

Question 34

How do you calculate NNT?

Answer 34

Total population/lives saved