Public Health Flashcards
Name 5 types of study
Case control
Case series
Cohort study
Randomised control trial
Meta-analysis
Describe case control studies
Observational study looking at two sets of participants - one with the condition, one without
Describe case series studies
Description of the characteristics and outcomes among a group of individuals with either a disease or exposure over a period of time without control group
Describe a cohort study
Longitudinal study following participants over a period of time - retrospective/prospective
Describe a RCT
Prospective study measuring the effectiveness of a new intervention/treatment
What is a meta-analysis?
Study design used to systematically assess the results of previous research to derive conclusions about that body of research
What are the two key types of data?
Quantitative - numerical
Qualitative - categorical
What are the two types of quantitative data?
Discrete - integers
Continuous - any value
What are the two types of qualitative data?
Ordinal - ordered (stages)
Nominal - non-ordered (blood type/gender)
What is selection bias?
Error in selection process
Patients who are lost to follow up differ from those who return is what type of bias?
Attrition
What is measurement bias?
Information recorded inaccurately
Variables reported differently between assessors is what type of bias?
Observer bias
What is procedure bias?
Subjects in different arms of study treated differently
What is central tendency bias?
Observed when a scale is used with few options and responses trend towards centre
What bias occurs when a variable is classified incorrectly?
Misclassification
Describe normal distribution
Mean =0
Standard deviation = 1
Bell curve
What test is used for parametric data that is collected to assess the difference between two groups?
Two sample t-test (unpaired)
What test is used for non-parametric data collected to assess the difference between two groups?
Wilcoxon rank sum
Mann Whitney U test
Kendall’s S test
What test can be used for parametric data collected to assess the difference between more than two groups?
One way analysis of variance
What test can be used on non-parametric data comparing more than two groups?
Friedman’s/Kruskal-Wallis
What test can be used for parametric data collected to measure the strength of association between two variables?
Correlation coefficient
What test can be used for non-parametric data collected to measure the strength of association between two variables?
Kendall’s tau rank correlation
Spearman’s rank
What test can be used for parametric data to assess the difference between paired observations?
Paired t-test
What test can be used for non-parametric data to assess the difference between paired observations?
Wilcoxon signed rank test
Sign test
What is artefact?
Explanation seeks to account for inequalities in health as a construct of the measurement process
What explanation states that culture determines our behavioural choices affect health?
Cultural/behavioural
What is the materialist explanation?
Poverty exposes people to health hazards as disadvantaged people are more likely to live in areas where they are exposed to harm
What explanation implies that health determines socioeconomic position, so healthier people move towards better socioeconomic positions?
Social selection/mobility
What is a p value?
Probability that the null hypothesis is true
What p value is significantly significant?
<0.05
What is the purpose of a chi-squared test?
To establish whether there is a significant difference between two groups of categorical data
Define NNT
Number of patients that would have to receive the intervention in question to prevent one adverse event
Describe sensitive vs specific
Specific - unlikely to positive in alternative condition
Sensitive - likely to be positive in presence of disease
How do you calculate NNT?
Total population/lives saved
