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GP > public health > Flashcards

public health Flashcards

1
Q

what is public health

A

science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of society

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2
Q

what are the 3 domains of public health

A

health improvement
health protection
improving services

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3
Q

what are the key concerns of public health

A

inequalities in health
wider determinants of health
prevention

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4
Q

What needs to be done/performed before a health intervention is made?

A

health needs assessment

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5
Q

what is a health needs assessment

A

systematic method for reviewing health issues facing a population
this leads to agreed priorities and resource allocation that will improve health and reduce inequalities

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6
Q

what are the 3 different approaches of health needs assessments

A

epidemiological
comparative
corporate

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7
Q

define need

A

ability to benefit from an intervention

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8
Q

define demand

A

what people ask for

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9
Q

define supply

A

what is provided

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10
Q

what is a health need and how is it measured

A

need for health
measured using mortality, morbidity, socio-demographic measures

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11
Q

what is a health care need

A

need for healthcare
depends on the potential of prevention, treatment and care services to remedy health problems

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12
Q

epidemiological approach to a health needs assessment

A
  • define the problem
  • look at the size of the problem (incidence/ prevalence)
  • services available
  • evidence base (effectiveness and cost-effectiveness)
  • models of care incl. quality and outcome measures
  • existing services (what is already there and unmet needs)
  • recommendations
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13
Q

problems with epidemiological approach

A

required data may not be available
evidence base may be inadequate
doesn’t consider felt needs of people affected

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14
Q

advantages of epidemiological HNA approach

A

uses existing data
provides data on disease incidence/ mortality/ morbidity
can evaluate services by trends over time

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15
Q

what are potential sources of data for epidemiological HNA

A

disease registry
hospital admissions
GP databases
mortality data
primary data collection e.g. patient survey

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16
Q

comparative approach to a HNA

A

compares services for a particular health issue in 2 different areas

17
Q

advantages of comparative HNA

A

quick and cheap if data available
indicates whether services is better/ worse than comparable areas

18
Q

problems of comparative HNA

A

data may not be available
data may be or variable quality
may be difficult to find a comparable population

19
Q

corporate approach to HNA

A

obtaining views of a range of stakeholders e.g. patients, families professions etc
asking local population what their health needs are
e.g. focus groups, interviews, public meetings

20
Q

advantages of corporate HNA

A

based on felt and expressed needs of the population in question
takes into account wide range of views

21
Q

disadvantages of corporate HNA

A

may be influenced by political agendas
difficult to distinguish need from demand

22
Q

acute physical effects of dependant drug abuse

A

respiratory depression
constipation, dry mouth (side effects)
complications of injecting- DVT, abscesses, SBE

23
Q

How often must heroin be used in people with heroin dependency to avoid withdrawal?

A

8 hourly

24
Q

effects of heroin

A

euphoria
intense relaxation
miosis
drowsiness

25
Q

adverse effects of heroin

A

dependence
withdrawal symptoms
nausea
itching
sweating
constipation

26
Q

Which medications can be used for maintenance of staying off heroin?

A

Methadone (full opioid agonist)

Buprenorphine (partial agonist/antagonist)

27
Q

what is theory of planned behaviour determined by

A

person’s attitude
subjective norms
perceived behavioural control

28
Q

problems of theory of planned behaviour

A
  • doesn’t take into account emotions
  • lack of temporal element (no timescale)
  • Assumes that attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control can be measured
29
Q

what are the stages of the stage/ transtheoretical model

A

Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance

30
Q

advantages of stage model

A
  • acknowledges individual stage of readiness
  • accounts for relapses
  • gives an idea of time frame
31
Q

problems of stage model

A
  • not all people move through every stage
  • Doesn’t take into account values, habits, culture, social and economic factors
32
Q

what is the nudge theory

A

Changing the environment to make the best/healthiest option the easiest

For example placing fruit next to the checkouts at supermarkets instead of sweets, opt-out schemes such as pensions

33
Q

What are the typical transition points in life which may influence how someone changes their behaviour?

A
  • Leaving school
  • Starting work/new job
  • Becoming a parent
  • Becoming unemployed
  • Retirement
  • Bereavement
34
Q

what are the 4 factors of the health belief model

A

perceived susceptibility
perceived severity
perceived benefits
perceived barriers

35
Q

Health belief model
individuals will change behaviour if they:

A
  • believe they are susceptible to the condition in question (e.g. heart disease)
  • believe that that it has serious consequences
  • believe that taking action reduces susceptibility
  • believe that the benefits of taking action outweigh the costs
36
Q

problems of health belief model

A
  • doesn’t consider influence of emotions and behaviour
  • doesn’t differentiate between first time and repeat behaviour
  • cues to action are often missing
37
Q

what is cues to action in health belief model

A

stimulus needed to trigger the decision-making process

38
Q

examples of cues to action which may influence behaviour change

A

Cues can be internal or external

Internal = increase in pain, decrease in ADLs

External = reminders in the post, reminders for GP apts, pressure from families etc.

39
Q

when does social norm not have an impact on health behaviour

A

when risky behaviour is the social norm

GP (5 decks)

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