Public Health Flashcards
What are the 4 domains of the health belief model?
Perceived susceptibility
Perceived severity
Perceived benefits
Perceived barriers
What are the stages of change/trans-theoretical model?
Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Relapse
What 3 factors influence an individual’s intention to change their behaviour (Theory of Planned Behaviour)?
Attitudes towards the behaviour
Subjective norm
Perceived behavioural control (internal and external factors that can influence perception)
What are the three domains of public health?
Health promotion = Societal interventions aimed at preventing disease
Health protection = Measures to control infectious disease
Improving health services = Organisation and safe delivery of high quality services
What is equity?
Healthcare is delivered relative to the healthcare need
What are the two types of equity?
Horizontal equity
Vertical equity
What is horizontal equity?
Equal treatment for equal need –> Those with the same disease should be treated equally
What is vertical equity?
Unequal treatment for different need
Eg. more treatment for pneumonia vs simple cold
What is the medical model of disability?
The problem is the disabled person
What is the social model of disability?
The problem is the disabling world
Opposes the medical model of disability
What is a never event error?
A serious, largely preventable patient safety incident that should not have happened if available preventable measures had been implemented
What is a skill-based error?
An error due to the lack of capabilities of the medical staff
What is a sloth error?
Where an error is made due to laziness
What is a fixation error?
Where a mistake is made because the investigations are tailored towards the most likely diagnosis without allowing for differential diagnoses
What is an error of commission?
A medical error where the wrong steps are taken, resulting in inappropriate increased risk of adverse effects related to care –> E.g. prescribing wrong antibiotics
What is an error of omission?
A medical error where appropriate steps are not taken, resulting in inappropriately increased risk of adverse effects related to care –> E.g. not doing a CT head on a stroke patient
What is negligence?
A breach of duty of care which results in damage
What 4 questions are asked when assessing negligence?
Was there a duty of care?
Was there a breach in the duty of care?
Did the patient come to harm?
Did the breach cause the harm?
What factors can contribute to negligence?
Failure to take proper care
System failure (eg. long waits in A&E)
Human factors (eg. communication problem between F2 and consultant)
Judgement failure (someone made the wrong decision)
Neglect (not giving sufficient care)
Misconduct (error covered up)
What is the Bolam test?
Did the doctor act in a way that is in accordance to guidelines and previous practice?
What is the Bolitho test?
Are the guidelines of how to act reasonable?
What is ethnocentrism?
The tendency to evaluate other groups according to their values compared to one’s own culture
What is felt need?
What an individual states their needs are
What is expressed need?
What services an individual accesses to address the felt need
What is normative need?
An expert opinion on how to address the expressed need, based on appropriate standards
What is comparative need?
The comparison of the normative need to others with similar felt needs
What are the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Physiological needs –> food, water, warmth
Safety needs –> Housing, security
Love/belonging –> Intimate relationships, friends
Esteem needs –> Prestige and feelings of accomplishment
Self-actualisation –> Achieving ones full potential
What are the three types of behaviour?
Health behaviour
Illness behaviour
Sick role behaviour
What is health behaviour?
Behaviours to promote health and prevent disease
What is illness behaviour?
Behaviours to seek remedy eg. going to doctors
What is sick role behaviour?
Behaviours aimed at getting well eg. taking medication, resting
What are potential barriers to the health belief model?
Perceived control over actions
Anticipated regret of behaviour change
Failure to make preparatory actions
Implementation intentions
Relevance to self
What is inspirational leadership?
Motivation centred
What is transactional leadership?
Promotes compliance in exchange for reward/risk of punishment
What is Laissez faire leadership?
Delegates and allows members to make decisions for themselves
What is transformational leadership?
Inclusive leadership that is distributed through all levels of an organisation
What is prevalence?
A proportion of a population that has a given disease at any given point in time
What is incidence?
The number of new cases of a disease
What is positive predictive value?
The probability that subjects with a positive test result truly have the disease
What is negative predictive value?
Probability that subjects with a negative test result truly do not have the disease
What is sensitivity?
Probability that subjects with the disease are detected by a screening test
What is specificity?
Probability that subjects that do not have the disease are correctly tested as not having the disease by the screening test
