public health

Question 1

What is health psychology

Answer 1

role of psychological factors in cause, progression and consequence of health and illness

aims to put theory into practice by promoting health bahvaiours and preventing illness

Question 2

what are the 3 main categories of behaviours related to health

Answer 2

helath behaviour
illness behaviour
sick role behaviour

Question 3

What is health behaviour

Answer 3

behaviour aimed to prevent disease e.g eating healthy

Question 4

What is illness behaviour ?

Answer 4

behaviour aimed to seek remedy e.g seeing a doctor

Question 5

What is sick role behaviour

Answer 5

any activity aimed at getting better e.g taking medications

Question 6

Whats health damaging behaviours

Answer 6

smoking, alcohol and substance abuse, risky sexual behaviour

Question 7

Whats health promoting behaviours

Answer 7

exercise, healthy eating, attending health check s

Question 8

What is population level intervention at health promotion

Answer 8

process of enabling people to exert control over their determinants of health and improving health
public health england

Question 9

What is individual level intervention

Answer 9

patient centred approach

Question 10

Examples of health promotion

Answer 10

healthier you - diabetes
change 4 life campaign

Question 11

Examples of promoting screening and immunisations

Answer 11

cervical smear screening
MMR vaccinen

Question 12

What is unrealistic optimism?

Answer 12

individuals continue to practice health damaging behaviours due to inaccurate perceptions of risk and susceptibiliy

• lack of personal experience with problem
• belief problem preventable
• belief that if not happened by now it wont
• belief that problem is infrequent

Question 13

What is the health belief model?

Answer 13

Becker 1974
individuals will change if they:
believe they are susceptible to the condition in question
believe it has serious consequences
beleieve that taking action reduces susceptibility
beleieve that the benefits of taking action outweight the costs

Question 14

Critique of health behaviour model (Becker 1974) `

Answer 14

does not consider influence of emotions on behaviour
does not differentiate between first time and repeat behaviour

Question 15

What is the theory of planned behaviour?

Answer 15

Ajzen 1988
proposes best predictor of behaviour is intention
intention determined by:
person’s attitude
perceieved social pressure to undertake behaviour / social norm
persons appraisal of ability to perform behaviour (perceived behaviour control)

Question 16

Theory of planned behaviour critique

Answer 16

lack of temporal element and lack of direction or causality
doesnt take into account emotions
doesnt explain attitudes, intentions and perecived behavioural control intereact
relies on self reported behaviour

Question 17

What is stage models of health behaviour

Answer 17

transthorectical model - Prochaska and DiClemente 1984

5 stages;
precontemplation
contemplation
preparation
action
maintanence

Question 18

Advantages of transthoretical model

Answer 18

acknowledges individual stages of readiness
accounts for relapse
temporal element

Question 19

Disadvantages / critique for the transtheoretical model

Answer 19

not everyone goes through every stage in order
change may be continuum rather than discrete stages
doesnt take into account values, habits, culture, social or economic factors

Question 20

Other factors to consider in changing behaviour?

Answer 20

impact of personality traits on health behaviou r
assessment of risk assessment
impact of past behaviour/habit
automatic influences on health behaviour
predictors of maintenance of health behaviours
social environment

Question 21

What are typical transition points in which interventions likely to be most effective

Answer 21

leaving school
entering workplace
becoming a parent
becoming unemployed
retirement and bereavement

Question 22

What are examples of early influences on feeding behaviour

Answer 22

maternal diet and taste preference and development
role of breastfeeding
parenting practices
age of introduction of solid foods, types of foods

Question 23

Positive parental feeding practices

Answer 23

modeling healthful eating behaviours
responsive feeding; recognising hunger and fullness cues
providing variety of foods
avoiding pressure to eat
not using food as a reward

Question 24

Eating disorders definition?

Answer 24

eating disorders: clinically meaningful behavioural or psychological pattern having to do with eating or weight that is associated with distress, disability or with substantially increased risk of morbidity or mortality

Question 25

Disordered eating definition

Answer 25

restraint, strict dieting, disinhibition, emotional eating, binge-eating, night eating, weight and shape concerns, inappropiate compensatory behaviours that don’t warrant a clinical dx

Question 26

3 basic forms of diet associated with restriciton of food intake?

Answer 26

restriction total amount of food eaten
don’t eat certain types of food
avoid eating for long periods of time

Question 27

Challenge with dieting?

Answer 27

risk factor for developing ED in some individuals
dieting results in loss of lean body mass, not just fat mass
slows metabolic rate and energy expenditure
chronic dieting may disrupt normal appetite responses and increase subjective sensations of hunger

Question 28

Advantages of cohort studies

Answer 28

can follow a group with a rare exposure
good for common and multiple outcomes
less risk of selection and recall bias

Question 29

Disadvantages for cohort studies

Answer 29

takes long time
loss to follow up (people drop out)
need large sample size

Question 30

Advantages of cross-sectional studies

Answer 30

relatively quick and cheap
provide data on prevalence at single point in time
large sample size
good for surveillance and public health planning

Question 31

Disadvantages for cross-sectional studies

Answer 31

risk of reverse causalitiy
cannot measure incidence
risk recall bias and non-response

Question 32

advantages of RCTs

Answer 32

low risk bias and confounding
can infer causality

Question 33

Disadvantages of RCTs

Answer 33

time consuming
expensive
specific inclusion/exclusion criteria may mean study population is different from main population

Question 34

reasons a study may have associated between exposure and outcome

Answer 34

chance
bias
confounding
reverse causality
true causal association

Question 35

What is selection bias

Answer 35

systemic error in:
selection of study participants
allocation of participants to different study groups

non response
loss to follow up

Question 36

What is information bias

Answer 36

measurement - different equipment used
observer -
recall - events happened in past aren’t remembered or reported accurately
reporting - report inaccurate info - embarrassed or feel judges

Question 37

What is confounding factor

Answer 37

situation between exposure and outcome has also been impacted by another factor

Question 38

what is reverse causality

Answer 38

refers to a situation where an association between exposure and an outcome could be due to outcome rather than exposure

Question 39

disadvantages to screening

Answer 39

exposure of well individuals to distressing or harmful diagnostic tests
detection and treatment of subclinical disease that never would have caused problems
preventative interventions that may cause harm to individual or population

Question 40

what is sensitivity

Answer 40

a/a+c

proportion of those with disease who are correctly identified by screening test

Question 41

3 approaches to health needs assessment

Answer 41

epidemiological approach
corporate
comparative