Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

critical numbers > public health > Flashcards

public health Flashcards

1
Q

what is the Gini coefficient?

A

a statistical representation of nation’s income distribution among its residents - the lower the coefficient the more equality
UK has rather high inequality compared to Scandavian countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is proportionate univerasalism?

A

focusing on the disadvantaged only will not help to reduce the inequality, action must be universal but with a scale and intensity proportional to the disadvantage
fair distribution of wealth is important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the domains of public health?

A

health protection
improving services
health improvement
addressing wider determinants of health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does ad hominem mean?

A

responding to arguments by attacking someone’s character

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does begging the question mean?

A

assuming the initial point of the argument

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are motherhoods?

A

inserting a soft statement to disguise the disputable one e.g “all humans are equal”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does no true scotsman mean?

A

modifying argument
no scotsman would do such thing
but this one did
well, no true Scotsman would

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 3 main notifiable diseases?

must be reported to WHO

A

cholera
yellow fever
plague

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when can confidentiality be broken?

A

required by law
public at risk
individual in vulnerable to exploitation
patient consent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is health behavioru?

A

aimed to prevent disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is illness behaviour?

A

aimed to seek remedy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the sick role behaviour?

A

aimed at getting well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the health belief model?

A

individuals must believe theh are suceptible to the condition
must beleive it has serious consequences
must believe takng action reduces their risks
must believe that the benefits of taking action outweigh the costs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the transtheoretical model?

A 
1 precontemplation
2 contemplation
3 preparation
4 action
5 maintenance
6 relapse ???
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

define morality

A

concerned with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define ethics

A

system of moral principles and a branch of philosophy which defines what is good for individuals and society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is utilitarian/consequentialism?

A

an act is evaluated solely in term of its consequences,

maximising good and minimising bad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the 4 principles?

A

autonomy
benevolence
non-maleficence
justice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the GMC “duties of a doctor”?

A

protect and promote the health of patients and the public
provide good standard of practice and care
recognise and work within the limits of your competence
work with colleagues in the way that best serves patients interests
treat patients and individuals and respect their dignity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the challenges of ageing population?

A 
strains on pension
increasing demand for health care
bigger need for trained health workforce
increasing demand for long term care
pervasive ageism (denying older people the rights and opportunities available for other adults)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is intrinsic ageing?

A

natural, universal, inevitable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is extrinsic ageing?

A

dependent on external factors, e.g. UV ray exposure, smoking, air pollution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why do women live longer?

A

20% biological - hormones protect from heart disease

80% environmental - more lifestyle risks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

name 5 types of dementia?

A 
alzheimers (most common)
vascular 
mixed alzheimers and vascular
lewy bodies
fronto temporal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is medicalisation of death?

A

where death is seen as a failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the chain of infection?

A

susceptible host - low immunity, low white cell count
causative micro-organism
resevoir - where the spread originates
portal of entry/exit
mode of transmission: exogenous spread (direct/indirect contact, vector, airbourne)
endogenous spread (self spread)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how do you break chain of infection?

A

hand decontamination
disposal of clinical waste
standard infection control precautions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the 3As? for patient approach

A

ask
advice
assist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the digital divide?

A

the difference in access to information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the 3 leading causes of death in children in developing world?

A

pneumonia
diarrhoea
malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are key foundations involved in global health?

A

rockefeller foundation

bill and melinda gates foundation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are some examples of migrants?

A

asylum seekers, refugees, trafficked people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

where are alot of asylum seekers from?

A

pakistan, iran, sri lanka, syria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

where are alot of economic migrants from?

A

romania, poland, spain, italy, bulgaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the goals of the NHS?

A

equity of access
reducing gap in health equalities
providing services for the vulnerable
ensuring the services are appropriate and accessible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

define sustainability?

A

being able to define the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet the needs of tomorrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the Bradford hill criteria?

A

a group of minimal conditions necessary to provide adequate evidence for a causal relationship

strength
consistency
specificity 
temporality 
biological gradient
coherence 
analogy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is primary prevention?

A

to prevent a disease from occurring

39
Q

what is secondary prevention?

A

detection of early disease in order to alter the course of the disease and maximise the chances of a complete recovery
tertiary prevention

40
Q

what is sensitivity?

A

the proportion of people with the disease who are correctly identified by the screening test

41
Q

what is specificity?

A

the number of people without the disease who are correctly excluded by the screening test

42
Q

what is the positive predictive value?

A

the proportion of people with a positive test result who actually have the disease

43
Q

what is the negative predictive value?

A

the proportion of people with a negative test result who do not have the disease

44
Q

what is prevalance?

A

the proportion of a population found to have the disease

45
Q

what is incidence?

A

the number of new cases within a specified time period divided by the size of the population initially at risk

46
Q

what are the Wilson and Jungner criteria for screening?

A 
should be serious health problem
facilities for diagnosis and treatment avaliable
detectable early
accepted treatment
no unmanageable extra clinical workload
suitable test
acceptable test for patients
intervals for the test
agreed policy on whom to treat
cost balanced against the benefits
47
Q

what are 3 types of bias?

A

selection bias
lead time
length time

48
Q

what is selection bias?

A

people who choose to participate in screening programmes may be different from those who do not

49
Q

what is lead time bias

A

screening merely identifies the disease earlier than before and thus gives the impression that survival is prolonged (but is unchanged)

50
Q

what is length time bias?

A

diseases with longer periods of presentation are more likely to be detected than those with shorter time of presentation

51
Q

what are the 3 human error types?

A

omission
commission
negligence

52
Q

what are errors of omission?

A

required action delayed / not taken

53
Q

what are errors of commission?

A

wrong action is taken

54
Q

what are errors of negligence?

A

actions or omissions do not meet the standard of an ordinary, skilled persons professing

55
Q

what are routine violations?

A

cutting corners

56
Q

what is the SBAR checklist?

A 
when reporting a case
S - situation
B - background
A - assessment
R - recommendation
57
Q

what is the mental health WHO definition?

A

state of well-being in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is bale to make a contribution to his or her community

58
Q

what are some common mental health problems?

A 
depression
anxiety
panic disorders
phobias
OCD
PTSD
59
Q

why are CMHPs dangerous?

A

negative impact on quality of life
increase risk of physical illness
increased mortality from physical illness
depression is a major risk factor for suicide

60
Q

what are 4 types of stressors?

A

acute - noise danger infections injuries hunger
chronic - health home finances work family
physical - inflammation infection
psychological - attitudes believes personal expectations worries

61
Q

what is spleens response to stress?

A

more RBCs are discharged

62
Q

what is mouths response to stress?

A

drier as saliva and mucus dry up

63
Q

what is immune systems response to stress?

A

WBCs redistributed

64
Q

what is skins response to stress?

A

blood flow directed away to support skeletal muscles and heart

65
Q

what occurs during the general adaptation syndrome?

A

alarm - when threat/stressor identified
adaptation - defensive countermeasures engaged
exhaustion - body begins to run out of defensive

66
Q

what are the 5 signs of stress?

A 
biochemical
physiological
behavioural
cognitive
emotional
67
Q

what occurs during physiological stress?

A

shallow breathing, raised BP, more HCL produced

68
Q

what occurs during behavioural stress?

A

over-eating, anorexia, insomnia, more alcohol or smoking

69
Q

what occurs during cognitive stress?

A

negative thoughts, no concentration, worse memory, tension headaches

70
Q

what occurs during emotional stress?

A

mood swings, irritability, aggression, boredom, apathy, tearfulness

71
Q

what is reactive reactions?

A

defending NHS rep

72
Q

what is proactive actions?

A

improving and protecting population health

73
Q

causes of obesity?

A

car culture
americanization of diet and society
greater avaliability of energy dense food, cheaper
replacing water with sugary drinks

74
Q

genetic cause of obestiy?

A

prader willi syndrome

75
Q

what is satiation?

A

what brings an eating episode to an end

76
Q

what is satiety?

A

inter-meal period

77
Q

what is energy compensation?

A

the adjustment of energy intake following the ingestion of a particular food
energy compensation is lower with liquids than solids (except of soup)

78
Q

what are the 4 main STIs?

A

chlamydia
gonorrhoea (drug resistance)
syphilis
trichomoniasis

79
Q

what are HIV safety ABC?

A

abstain
be faithful
condom use

80
Q

what must sexual and reproductive health eduction do?

A

involve young people as they are key decision makers
provide comprehensive, accurate info
address barriers to accessing health services
empower adolescents to make life choices that are best for them

81
Q

what does CAM stand for?

A

complementary and alternative medicine

82
Q

what are the big 5 NHS CAM?

A 
acupuncture 
chiropractic therapy
homeopathy
herbal medicine
osteopathy
83
Q

what are major concerns of CAM?

A

unrealistic expectations
delayed conventional care
general safety

84
Q

what is equity?

A

fair distribution of goods and services based on individual need

85
Q

what is equality?

A

fair distribution of goods and services

86
Q

what is the basic economic problem?

A

resources are finite
desire for good and services is infinite
no country treats all treatable ill health
choice cannot be avoided

87
Q

what is opportunity cost?

A

the loss of other alternatives when one alternative is chosen

88
Q

what is economic efficiency?

A

achieved when resources are allocated between activities in such a ways as to maximise benefit

89
Q

what is economic evaluation?

A

the method used to see whether economics benefited max

90
Q

what are 3 types of economic evaluation?

A

cost-effectiveness analysis
cost-utility analysis
cost-benefit analysis

91
Q

what is cost-effectiveness analysis?

A

outcomes measured in natural units: incremental cost per life year gained

92
Q

what is cost-utility analysis?

A

measured in quality adjusted life years: incremental cost per QALY gained

93
Q

what is cost-benefit analysis?

A

outcomes measured in monetary units: net monetary benefit

critical numbers (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions