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Phase 3a > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two classifications of the determinants of health?

A

Lalonde report, 1974: genes, environment, lifestyle and health care

Dahlgren and whitehead,1991: semi circle of health

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2
Q

what is primary , secondary and tertiary prevention

bonus exam style: Explain the difference between secondary and tertiary
prevention

A
  • stop disease starting first place
  • identify and find intervention to alter disease cause
  • prevent consequences of disease
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3
Q

types of equity and meaning

bonus exam style: Explain the difference between horizontal and vertical equity in
relation to health care

A

horizontal: equal treatment for equal need
vertical: unequal treatment for unequal need

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4
Q

what are the classifications of dimensions of health equity

A

spatial (i.e geographical)

social (class, gender, ethnicity)

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5
Q

what are the three domains of public health practice?

A
  1. health improvement
    (societal interventions aimed at preventing disease, inequalities, education,housing)
  2. health protection
    (infectious diseases,chemicals,radiation)
  3. health care
    (service planning, audit and evaluation and efficiency)
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6
Q

what are the three levels of interventions and examples

bonus exam styles: Explain the difference between public health interventions
delivered at the population (ecological) and individual levels,
using one example for each to illustrate your answer.

A
  • individual level: childhood immunisation
  • community level: playground set up for local community
  • ecological level: ban smoking in enclosed public spaces (e.g. general intervention not delivered and individual level)
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7
Q

what is the difference between health behaviour and illness behaviour and sick role behaviour

A

health - aimed to prevent disease
illness - aimed to seek remedy
sick role - aim of getting well (e.g. taking prescribed meds and resting)

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8
Q

give an example of interventions on population and individual level

A

population:
- health promotion

individual: patient centred approach, care responsive to individual needs

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9
Q

2 examples of health promotions/awareness campaigns

A

“Healthier you” Diabetes prevention
• Change 4 Life Campaign, “5 a day”
• Every mind matters

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10
Q

why do patients practise health damaging behaviour

A

inaccurate perceptions of risk and susceptibility

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11
Q

what are perceptions of risk influenced by (4)

A

Perceptions of risk influenced by:

  1. Lack of personal experience with problem
  2. Belief that preventable by personal action
  3. Belief that if not happened by now, it’s not likely to
  4. Belief that problem infrequent
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12
Q

definition of domestic abuse

- rough definition

A

incident or pattern of incidents of controlling coercing or threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between tose 16+ who are or have been intimate partners or family members reguardless of gender or sexuality.

  • psych
  • physical
  • sexual
  • financial
  • emotional
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13
Q

indicator for suspicion for domestic abuse>

A

accident reported as unwitnessed by anyone else

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14
Q

give two beliefs of the health belief model

A

individuals will change if they:

  • believe they are susceptible to condition in question
  • believe of serious consequences
  • belief taking action reduces sucsceptibility
  • believe that benefits of taking action outweight costs
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15
Q

list two cues to action (internal and external)

A

internal - exacerbations of symptoms

external - advice from others (e.g GP)

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16
Q

what is the theory of planned behaviour?

A

proposes the best predictor of behaviour is intention

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17
Q

what are the three determining factors of intention

theory of planned behaviour

A
  • attitude to behaviour
  • subjective norm
  • perceived behavioural control
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18
Q

critiques of planned behaviour (2)

A

lack of temporal element and lack of direction or casuality

  • assumes that attitudes, subjective norms and PBC can be measured
  • relies of self-reported behaviour
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19
Q

1.
There are three main behaviours related to health:
Specify the three types of health related behaviours and
provide an example of each: (6 marks

A

Health Behaviour: a behaviour aimed to prevent
disease (e.g. eating healthily)
•
Illness Behaviour: a behaviour aimed to seek remedy
(e.g. going to the doctor)
•
Sick role Behaviour: any activity aimed at getting well
(e.g. taking prescribed medications; resting)

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20
Q

heory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1988)
suggests that behaviours are governed by our
intentions to carry out target behaviours.
Specify the three factors that influence our
intentions and give an example of each with
reference to smoking cessation (6 marks

A

attitude to behaviour

  • subjective norm
  • perceived behavioural control
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21
Q

Transtheoretical model, or stages of change
model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1984)
specifies five sequential stages that an
individual will pass through in order for
behaviour change to occur. Which of the below
is the third stage?
a) maintenance
b) Preparation
c) contemplation
d) action
e) Precontemplation

A

preparation

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22
Q

onsidering the NICE guidelines on behaviour change -
Interventions to change health related behaviour should
work in partnership with individuals, communities,
organisations and populations. Identify three typical
transition points whereby interventions are likely to be
more effective: (3 marks

A 
- leaving school,
• entering the workforce
• becoming a parent
• becoming unemployed
• retirement and bereavement
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23
Q

define malnutrition

A

deficiencies, excess or imbalance in a persons intake of energy and/or nutrients.
- undernutrition and overweight

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24
Q

list two early influences on feeding/eating behaviour

A
  • maternal diet and taste preference development
  • breastfeeding
  • parenting practices
  • age of intro to solid food
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25
Q

what is amniotic fluid influenced by?

A

maternal diet

in utero environment influences taste exposure

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26
Q

in what groups is breast-feeding prevalence particularly low?

A
  • very young mothers, disadvantaged socio-economic groups
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27
Q

what are the three types of milk making up the composition of breast milk

A
  • colostrum
  • foremilk
  • hindmilk
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28
Q

how is breast feeding suggested to affect food preferences of infant?

A
  • acceptance of novel food during weaning- breastfed children less picky eaters in childhood
  • diet richer in fruit and vegetables >3m
29
Q

at what period of life is a person sensitive to the development of flavour and food preferences?

A

first two years

30
Q

what is the concept of chemical continuity?

A

transmission of flavours from maternal diet via amniotic fluid and then breast milk

31
Q

difference between eating disorder and disordered eating?

A
  • ED: clinically meaningful behaviour or psych pattern to do with eating/weight associated with distress, disability or increase in morbidity/mortality
  • DE: restraint/strict diet/emotional eating/night eating/weight and shape concerns - not warranted clinical diagnosis
32
Q

what is the prevelance of obesity for the population?

A

over 50%

33
Q

where is the prevelance of obesity highest

A

areas of high deprivation

34
Q

why can dieting be challenging for patients susceptible to obesity?

A
  • unrepsonsive to internal cues signalling satiety and hunger
  • dietary restraint
  • vulnerable to external cues that signal availability of food
35
Q

multimorbidity definition

A

2 or more long term(chronic) health conditions with long term management.

36
Q

polypharmacy definition

A

pt regular use of at least five medications - increases risk of adverse outcomes.

37
Q

negative of polypharmacy

A

increase risk of adverse SE

38
Q

what are the types of polypharmacy

A
  • appropriate polypharmacy

- problematic polypharmacy

39
Q

how many unhealthy lifestyle factors increase your risk of multi-morbidity?

A

5

40
Q

atorvastatin SE?

A

myalgia

41
Q

bisoprolol SE?

A

cool peripheries

42
Q

co-codamol SE?

A

constipation

43
Q

cyproterone SE? (hormon p. cancer)

A

increased risk meningioma

44
Q

digoxin used for?

A

rate control (AF)

45
Q

sign of digoxin toxicity?

A

easily overlooked - blurred vision, fatigued

46
Q

doxazosin drug type?

A

alpha blocker

47
Q

what type of drug is furosemide - worry with drug?

A

loop diuretic

can cause hyponatraemia

48
Q

Rivaroxaban drug type

A

DOAC

49
Q

headache red flags (4)

A
  • worse on leaning forward/coughing/sneezing
  • seizures
  • worse in morning/waking up at night
  • change in vision
50
Q

ramipril electrolyte disturbance

A

hyperkalaemia

51
Q

causes of haematuria? (4)

A
  • warfarin - raised INR
  • ca of urinary tract
  • stones
  • uti
52
Q

what are the two ways to do an INR

A
  • finger prick

- urinalysis

53
Q

alendronic acid drug type and what rules are given when prescribing this med?

A

bisphosponate (taken upright full glass of water. no meds for at least an hour)

54
Q

what drug type is amitriptyline?

A

tri-cyclic antidepressant

55
Q

side effect of tri-cyclic antidepressant

A

dry mouth, drowsy

56
Q

citalopram drug type

A

ssri - can cause hyponatraemia

57
Q

donepezil is used to treat what condition?

A

dementia

58
Q

what is hyoscine butylbromide commonly known as?

A

buscopan

59
Q

what type of drug is mebeverine?

A

anti-spasmodic

60
Q

what is solifenacin

A

used to treat irritable bladder - anti-cholinergic effect

61
Q

list some anticholinergic SE (6)

A 
- blurred vision
dry eyes
- constipation
- urinary retention
- increased HR
- increased sweating
62
Q

what is the definition for “need” according to nice?

A
  • ability to benefit from an intervention
63
Q

what is health needs assessment?

A

systematic method for reviewing health issues facing a population, leading to agreed priorities

64
Q

difference between health need vs health care need

A

health need - need for health , general

- need for health care - more specific, ability to benefit from health care

65
Q

what may a health needs assessment be carried out for?

A
  • a population or sub-group
  • a condition
  • an intervention
66
Q

what are the bradshaw properties for a sociological perspective (4)

A
  • felt need (individual perspective)
  • expressed need (demand)
  • normative need (professionals)
  • comparative need (compare severity/range of intervention and costs)
67
Q

what is considered in a health needs assessment (3)

A
  • epidemiological
  • comparative
  • corporate
68
Q

what is maxwells dimension of quality (3as, 3es)

A 
- acceptibility
accessibility
- appropriateness
- effectiveness
- efficiency
- equity
69
Q

define the three types of consequentialism

A
  • utilitarianism (best course promotes most happiness and absence of pain for all)
  • egoism ( best course for you!)
  • altruism (best course is whats best for others wellbeing)

Phase 3a (4 decks)

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