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Advising 1 > Public Administration > Flashcards

Public Administration Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of a state?

A
  1. A territory
  2. A population
  3. Sovereignty
  4. Government
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2
Q

What are the 4 types of Regime?

A
  1. Palace
  2. Forum(Democracy)
  3. Temple(Theocracy)
  4. Club
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3
Q

What is a Palace?

A

Is a type of regime in which all the power is concentrated in one person, who is not accountable to anyone or the law.

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4
Q

What is a Forum?

A

It is a type of regime in which the the decisions are discussed openly. Decision-makers are accountable to the people.

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5
Q

What is a temple?

A

it is a type of regime in which the states are headed by a religious leaders who are only accountable to god or divine rules.

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6
Q

What is a Club?

A

it’s a type of regime in which the government is controlled by a party with a one-sided interest.

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7
Q

Why do people transfer authority to governments?[Name 3]

A

Human Nature: humans naturally herd together to make collective decisions.
Collective action requires organization, organization requires leadership.
Evolution of civilization: From hunters/gatherers to agriculturalist to towns and cities
Religious Conviction
Historical Perspective

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8
Q

What is public good?

A

It’s a good provided by the government which is not rivalrous and not excludable.

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9
Q

What does it mean for a good to be Rivalrous?

A

It means that if a person consumes it, it is no longer available for someone else.

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10
Q

What does it mean for a good to be excludable?

A

If a person pays for the good, it means that it cannot be consumed by another.

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11
Q

What is Olson’s theory on the logic of collective action?

A

Even in their best interest, individuals often do not voluntarily act to achieve their common interests.

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12
Q

Why does the Olson’s theory comes to be?

A

Because some people will act as free riders(people that benefits of the public goods without contributing to them) Why pay for a service if free riders do not pay for them either?

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13
Q

What are some problems with public goods?[Name 3]

A
  1. They tend to be overproduced
  2. Their benefits are not always limited to bounded to their territory
  3. Since it is paid by others, they tend to not be produced or or provided efficiently
  4. Providing public goods can be a source of trouble.
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14
Q

What are the three options to provide public goods more efficiently?

A

1.Privatize them: leave it to the market
2. Semi-collective goods: Provide collective goods but make users pay in accordance with the use of the good
3. enforce contributions to public goods (through taxes, laws, military conscription, ETC)

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15
Q

What is a Global public good?

A

It is a good that benefits every country, regardless of which ones provide them.

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16
Q

What issues do the global goods address?

A
  1. Problems that are deemed important to the international community.
  2. Typically problems that cannot be handled by individual countries.
  3. Are best addressed collectively on a multilateral level.
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17
Q

Who are the key players in delivering the global goods?

A
  1. States
  2. United Nations
  3. International financial institutions
  4. Regional Institutions(EU, NATO, African Union, ASEAN)
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18
Q

Why global goods tends to be under-delivered?

A

1.Policymaking is normally done at national level, international cooperation is difficult to negotiate and implement.
2.Mismatch between the scope of the problem and the authority of the decision-making bodies that attempt to address the issue.

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19
Q

What is Public Administration?

A

Ministrate: being of service + public= being of public service.

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20
Q

What is public administration under the government definition?

A

Executive. It means the totality of state services.

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21
Q

What is public administration as an academic discipline?

A

Scholars researching how government works.

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22
Q

What is public administration as a study programme?

A

Prepares students in a career in government.

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23
Q

How many levels does normally a government has?

A

3 levels: National(central), Regional and Local

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24
Q

What are the three types of distribution of power?

A
  • Unitary State
  • Federal State
  • Decentralized State
25
Q

What is a Unitary State?

A

A State where the power is focused on the central government.

26
Q

What is a Federal State?

A

A state where the power is focused in the Regional Government.

27
Q

What is a Decentralized State?

A

A state where the power is focused in the Local Government.

28
Q

What is the normal structure for a National government?

A
  1. Head of State and/or Head of government
  2. Ministers
  3. Legislative Council
  4. Judiciary
  5. Constitution
29
Q

What is a Head of State?

A

A head of state is formally the highest ranked person in a country, it has various degrees of power, from being just ceremonial(just as an icon to the country, like monarchs in Norway and Japan) to extremely powerful.

30
Q

What is a Head of Government?

A

Is the person leading the government, sometimes this role can be taken by the head of state as well. examples include: Prime ministers, presidents where the monarchy is purely ceremonial.

31
Q

What are ministers?

A

They are responsible for execution of policies in specific sectors(defence, healthcare, education, etc)
these are appointed by the head of government
the number of ministers very depending on the country.

32
Q

What is the Legislative council?

A

It is a group of people responsible for Accept, amend or repeal laws, as well as accept or decline the national budget, and oversee and control the workings of the government.

33
Q

What is the Judiciary power?

A

It is responsible to apply and interpret the laws in specific cases, normally through a system of courts, often hierarchical courts.

34
Q

What is a Constituion?

A

Is like a rulebook outlining how the government should be organized as well as the tasks of different governmental powers, and the relationship between them. It also describes the rights and obligations of citizens.

35
Q

What are the 3 colonial legacy models?

A
  • Spanish
  • French
  • Westminster(British)
36
Q

What is the French Legacy Model?

A

It is a Presidential system that focuses in centralization with limited power to the legislative council.

37
Q

What is the Spanish Legacy Model?

A

It is an Absolute monarchy( palace) regime in Spain itself but decentralized in the colonies, which the central government had very limited power over towns.

38
Q

What is the Westminster(British) Legacy Model?

A

It is a model that strives for “Checks and Balances” so government requires the consent of legislature council, the head of state has very limited powers.

39
Q

What is the Path Dependency Theory?

A

It outlines that Institutions grow historically, so incremental changes, not radical. Changing direction takes time.

40
Q

What is a critical juncture?

A

It is a change that occurs suddenly, it is a turning point of crisis, in this period, institutions become fluid(less stable)
Some examples include: Colonization, Conquest, Wars, Regime change.

41
Q

What is Bureaucracy?

A

It is a complicated official process which is annoying or confusing because it has too many rules or procedures(called Red Tape also)
The ideal type that furthers the efficiency and predictability ofgovernment actions.

42
Q

What is an Organization?

A

It is any cooperation between people trying to achieve a common goal.

43
Q

What is a public organization?

A

It is an organization that is funded by taxes or by the profits earned by the natural resources that are owned by the government. Politicians or other gorups are accountable to the people for the functioning of the public organization and the outcome is a public good.

44
Q

What is Private organization?

A

It is an Organization funded from profits of non-collective goods or services. The ownership of the organization is in private hands and the goods produced by this organization is private goods.

45
Q

What is the typical organization of bureaucracy?

A
  1. Line and Staff employees
  2. Divisions
    3.Management
46
Q

What are Line & Staff employees?(bureaucracy)

A

Line employees are those who directly contribute to the organization’s goals(doctors in a hospital, principals/teachers in a school)
a Staff employee are the ones that support or advice the people in the line departments(cleaning crew, IT support, accountant, security guard, etc..).

47
Q

What are Divisions?(Bureaucracy)

A

Divisions are separate units within an organization, each unit having its own line and staff employees.( for example, the military has 3 divisions, Army, Navy, and Air Force)

48
Q

What is Management?(Bureaucracy)

A

Management is responsible for 6 different aspects in an organization: Planning, Organizing, Steering, Coordinating, Ensuring Output and Controlling.

49
Q

What are the 3 tiers of management?

A

-Top tier: it is the executive board in companies and the prime minister, ministers, secretary general in the ministries.
-Middle Tier: It is the division directors in companies and Department heads and directors in ministries.
- Bottom Tier: Foremen/Supervisors in companies and deputy department heads in ministries.

50
Q

What are Webbers Characteristics for bureaucracies?

A
  1. Specialization
  2. Hierarchy of authority
    3.Explicit written rules
    4.Impersonalization
    5.Qualification based employment
    6.Separation of work and ownership
51
Q

What is the Characteristic Specialization?(Webber)

A

Strict division of tasks and authority based on written job descriptions.

52
Q

What is the Characteristic Hierarchy of authority?(Webber)

A

It has to be an order of ranks from lowest to highest(pyramid) and every low rank gets supervised by the next tier up.

53
Q

What is the Characteristic Explicit Written Rules?(Webber)

A

Prescribe how tasks need to be carried out(like course manuals, labour contracts, etc…)

54
Q

What is the Characteristic Impersonalization?(Webber)

A

It means that personal characteristics do not matter, what it counts is the task to be performed, employees easily replaceable.

55
Q

What is the Characteristic Qualification based employment?(Webber)

A

It means that the employees should be employed based on their qualification not on personal level, this prevents corruption. It also states that employees must be promoted based on experience within the system and seniority.

56
Q

What is the Characteristic Separation of Work and ownership?(Webber)

A

Employees do not own the position or the organization tools and resources, fixed salaries independent of performance. Not allowed to use position for personal gain.

57
Q

What are advantages of Bureaucracy?

A
  1. Specialization(role and expectations of everyone is clear)
  2. Hierarchy of authority
    3.Explicit Written Rules
    4.Employment based on qualifications
    5.Impersonality
    6.Separation of Work and ownership
58
Q

What are disadvantages of Bureaucracy?

A

1.Abundance of procedures can impede effectiveness
2. Excessive documentation can result in inefficiency and alienation.
3.A trained public administrator may have power over elected politician
4. Expectation of loyalty to politicians considered risky

Advising 1 (4 decks)

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