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Next Gen Exam 1 > Puberty > Flashcards

Puberty Flashcards

1
Q

Puberty definition

A

The ability to accomplish reproduction successfully

The physiological requirement is the development of specific hypothalamic neurons to release adequate quantities of GnRH

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2
Q

GnRH stimulates the release of gonadotropic hormones to promote…

A

Gametogenesis
Steroidogenesis
Development of reproductive tissues

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3
Q

Puberty in the female occurs at…

A

Attaining reproducing ability – first potentially fertile estrus followed by a luteal phase of normal length.

Different interpretations:
Age at 1st estrus
Age at 1st ovulation
Successful pregnancy

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4
Q

Puberty in the male occurs at…

A

Attaining reproducing ability – many ways to define

Age at behaving like a male
Age at 1st ejaculation
Age when sperm 1st appear in ejaculate
Age when sperm 1st appear in urine
Age when ejaculate has a threshold number of spermatozoa

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5
Q

Age of puberty in the bovine

A

Male- ~11m
Female- ~11m

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6
Q

Age of puberty in ovine/caprine

A

Male- ~7m
Female- ~7m

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7
Q

Age of puberty in porcine

A

Male- ~7m
Female- ~6m

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8
Q

Age of puberty in equine

A

Male- ~14m
Female- ~18m

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9
Q

Age of puberty in the canine

A

Male- ~9m
Female- ~12m

Large range due to breed

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10
Q

Age of puberty in the feline

A

Male- ~9m
Female- ~8m

Large range in female due to seasonal effects

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11
Q

Before puberty in male and females GnRH is released at…

A

Low amplitude and low frequency pulses of GnRH

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12
Q

After puberty in females and males the tonic center controls…

A

Basal levels of GnRH
But higher concentrations than before puberty

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13
Q

After puberty in the female the surge center controls…

A

Preovulatory surges of GnRH

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14
Q

The surge center is absent in…

A

Males

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15
Q

_________ is needed in males to defeminize the surge center in the male

A

Estradiol

In males testosterone crosses blood brain barrier, converted to estradiol in the brain

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16
Q

In males ________ crosses blood brain barrier, converted to estradiol in the brain to defeminize the surge center

A

testosterone

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17
Q

LH release in males

A

LH does not surge in the male

Consistent episodic release every 2-6 h and similar pattern of release of testosterone

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18
Q

Females have an estradiol surge about every 20 days resulting in…

A

Preovulatory LH surges

19
Q

Centers of the hypothalamus in male vs female

A

Females = tonic and surge centers

Male = tonic center ONLY

20
Q

Factors that effect the age of puberty

A

Body weight – major factor
40 – 50 % of mature weight – dictated by breed weight
usually when yearlings

Nutrition – Good nutrition – Moderate to high energy diets and 11-12% Crude Protein
animals on different planes of nutrition will reach puberty at different ages

Socio-environment – biostimulation – presence of male

Genetics – Sire scrotal circumference (SC) (larger -> earlier puberty)

Breed – purebred vs crosses

Birth season – fall born vs spring born

Density of housing groups (swine)

21
Q

In cattle, a bull with a larger scrotal circumference will likely have daughters that…

A

Go into puberty earlier

22
Q

Season effects on puberty

A

Month of birth influence age at puberty

SEASONAL BREEDERS!!
Sheep – short day breeders
-Born in Spring => puberty in Fall
-Born in Fall => puberty NEXT Fall
See this effect in BOTH males + females

Heifers can be influenced by season – those born in Fall reach puberty EARLIER than those born in Spring
Not the same for bull calves

Queens also affected by season
Inc. photoperiods in Jan./Feb. prompts onset of puberty

23
Q

In sheep, if born in the spring they will go into puberty in the…

A

Fall

24
Q

In a sheep is born in the fall then it will go into puberty….

A

NEXT fall (seen in males and females)

25
Q

Heifers born in fall reach puberty (earlier/later) than those born in the spring

A

Earlier

26
Q

To attain puberty, adequate _____ and ________ need to occur

A

Nutrition and size (body maturation)

27
Q

Estrogen production increases as animals get closer to….

A

puberty and GnRH receptors can respond

28
Q

FSH- follicle stimulating hormone

A

Acts on a cohort of primary follicles
-Many go through atresia
Produced in anterior pituitary

29
Q

Secondary follicles can produce small quantities of…

A

Estradiol 17B
FSH causes GCs to release fluid (follicular fluid) to form around the Secondary Follicle, forming the antral follicle

GCs begin to differentiate into 2 cell types:
Theca cells (interna and externa)
Granulosa cells

30
Q

Antral/dominant follicle description

A

Characterized by a fluid-filled cavity (antrum)

Three distinct layers:
Theca externa

Theca interna
-Responsible for production of androgens under the influence of LH

Granulosa cell layer
-Possess FSH receptors
-Produces estrogen, inhibin, and follicular fluid

31
Q

The _______ ________ layer of the antral/dominant follicle is responsible for the production of androgens under the influence of LH

A

Theca interna

32
Q

The _________ ______ layer of the astral/dominant follicle possess FSH receptors and produced Estrogen, inhibit and follicular fluid

A

Granulosa cell

33
Q

Theca cells of the follicle produce enzymes the convert…

A

Cholesterol to testosterone that binds to GCs to be converted to Estradiol

34
Q

Granulos cells produce _________

A

Estradiol
FSH binds to GCs to drive the conversion of testosterone to E2

35
Q

Post-pubertal follicular development is wave-like every ___-___d

A

8-12d

36
Q

Follicular wave emergence continues in pregnancy and…

A

Anestrus periods

37
Q

Secretion of inhibin and estradiol by the dominant follicle inhibits further…

A

Development of cohorts
Inhibits/timing the emergence of the next wave

38
Q

Dominant follicle will undergo atresia if high levels of ______

A

Progesterone

39
Q

Only mature follicles capable of secreting _______ can ovulate

A

estrogen

Less mature follicles/ cysts may luteinize

40
Q

Ovulation is a _____ dependent event

A

LH

Post ovulation- shift from E2 to P4 production

41
Q

After ovulation the production shifts from…

A

Estrogen to progesterone secretion

42
Q

After ovulation of the preovulatory follicle the ______ ________ forms

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum (CH)

Protrusion of granulosa and theca cells along with ruptured blood vessels
After CH forms, theca interna and granulosa cells differentiate into luteal cells
Forms the CL which produces progesterone

43
Q

corpus luteum regulates hormonal and ______ events

A

Physiological

Next Gen Exam 1 (16 decks)

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