PTOFTLR Flashcards
what offices did ceaser hold?
- quaestor
- aedile
- praetor
- consul
- dictator
- pontifex maximus
what is a popularis politician
- they are politcians whos primary goals are to pass reforms that benefit the roman people
how did ceaser publicise his gaullic campaign?
- dispatches to the senate
- minting coins
- commentaries
what is imperium?
- offical power represented by fascaes
what is auctoritas ?
unoffical power
influence
what is amicita?
a form of friendship political or personal
what is inamicta?
emnity between people
what is libertas
political freedom of citizens
what were the different elected magisteral offices
- quaestor
- aedile
- preator
- consul
- tribunes of the plebs
what does novus homo mean
new man with no famous ansetors
what were the defferent tiers of roman society?
- slaves
- freedmen
- plebeians
- equestrians
- senators
- patricians
what were the role of the publicani
private tax collectors
whats the practice of manumussion
the practice of a master freeing a slave
what do patrons provide for thier clients
- money
- legal support
- food
- land
what do clients provide for thier patrons
- votes
- pysical protection
- communication
why was amicitia important in roman society
- part of the mos maiorum and crossed generations
- enabled the abitly for alliances to be formed on a temporary basis during elections and legislation voting
why were political campaigns so expensive and bitter
- high stakes and goals
- increased competion due to sulla reforms
- yearly elections
- money needed
what are the different types of assembiles?
- concilium Plebis
- comitia tributa
- comitia Centuriata
how many centuries does the assembly have able to vote
- 193
what was the function of the comitia centuriata
- to elect senior magistrates
- to vote on war and peace
how many tribes were there able to vote in the comitia tributa
35 tribes
how many urban tribes were there in the comitia tributa?
4 tribes
how many rural tribes were there in the comitia tributa ?
31 tribes
what was the function of the comitia tributa ?
- to elect aediles
- to elect qauestors
- voting on most consulular legislation
how many tribes were there in the colncilium plebis
- 35
what was the purpose of the concilium plebis
- elect the tribunes of the plebs
- elected the plebleian aediles
- vot of legislation proposed by the tribunes of the plebs
what were the nobiles?
- a politician with an ex consul as their ancestor
what were the novus homo?
- the new men who didnt have a consular ancestor
what were the aims of the optimates ?
- to preserve the status quo of the res publica
what were the aims of the populares?
- propose reforms that appealed to the roman people
what were the duties of provincial governers?
- defending the province from internal and external threats
- overseeing legal cases
- tax collection via a quaestor and the publicani
what does princeps senatus mean ?
- first senator
how did voting in the senate happen
- by movement standing by the senator who proposed the bill being voted on
how many senators were there in the senate after sulla reforms
600 senators
what magistrates had the power to summon the senate?
- consul
- praetor
how many lictors did a consul have ?
- 12 lictors
how many lictors do praetors have?
- 6 lictors
what were the duties of aediles ?
- maintaining the city of rome
- overseeing public games
what were the duties of quaestors
- overseeing a provinces finances
- managing state finances in rome
- minting coins
how many qauestors were there elected each year ?
- 20
how many tribunes of the plebs were there elected each year
- 10
what year did ceaser hold his quaestorship?
69BC
what year did ceaser hold his aedileship?
65BC
what year did ceaser hold his praetorship?
- 62BC
what year did ceaser hold his consulship
- 59BC
when was ceaser pro consular governer of gaul and IIIyricum
- 58-50BC
what did ceaser want out of the first triumvate?
- consulship of 59
- a military command
what did pompey want out of the triumvate?
- land for his veterans
- to ratify his eastern settlements
what did crassus want out of triumvate
- a rebate on the tax contracts
what offices did cicero hold ?
- quaestor
- aedile
- praetor
- consul
- pro consular governership
what were the problems in late republican rome
- financial debt
- electoral curruption
- devided senate
- legions more loyal to thier generals than the res publica
- lack of reform legislation
what does concordia ordinum mean ?
- harmony of the orders
- where the senatoral and equestrian classes work together to govern the res publica
what does “cum dignitate otium” mean
- peace with dignity
- goal of the boni and optimates captaining ship of state
when did cicero hold his quaestorship ?
- 75BC
when did cicero hold his aedileship ?
- 69BC
When did cicero hold his praetorship?
66BC
when did cicero hold his consulship
- 63BC
when did cicero hold his proconsular governorship
- 51-50BC
why might cattaline resent cicero?
- cicero is a novus homo catiline is a patrician
- Catiline was in debt after the election defeat
- Catiline wont receive a proconsular governership
what socio-economic problems did rome suffer from in 63BC
- lack of food supplies
- debts across roman society
- poor housing
what were catilines plans in 63BC
- To assassinate cicero
- to burn key urban buildings
- to seize control of rome
who was consul alongside cicero in 63BC
Antonius hybrida
what was the purpose of the manilian law?
- to grant Pompey a command in the mithridatic to combat pirates
- a corn dole to the plebs
why did cicero defend murena in 63BC
- Catiline was still at large and Murena was an able imperator
- to increase his own auctoritas
why did clodius hate cicero ?
- he gave evidence against him in the bona dea trial
why was cicero exiled ?
- Clodius passed two bills
- the triumvirate wanted cicero out of Rome
who organised ciceros return form exile?
- pompey
- milo
- sestius
why did cicero want to defend Milo ?
- to continue his inamictia with Clodius
- opportunity to increase and maintain his auctoratas
- following his political ideas
why was cicero sent to cilicia ?
Pompey passed a law that meant a 5-year gap was introduced between a consul or praetor leaving office and having an governorship
what was the name of the client king that helped cicero during his governership
king deiotarus of galatia
why would cicero join Pompey ?
- cicero owed Pompey for getting him recalled from exile in 57BC
why would cicero join ceaser
- Ceaser had control of Rome and Italy by 49BC
where was cicero stationed in 49BC?
Formiae
where does cicero join up with pompey in greece?
Dyrrhachium
where was cicero arrested on his return to Italy in 48BC
brundisium
when did ceaser pardon cicero
late 47BC
when was the battle of pharsalus
48BC
what was ceasers policy of clementia ?
the policy of forgiving his apponents
how many times was ceaser stabbed and where ?
23 times
senate
how many senators conspired to kill ceaser ?
60
who was involved with the liberators
Marcus Brutus
Cassius
cicero
who were the members of the 2nd trivumate
Mark Antony
Octavian
Lepidus
what did cicero do to try and save the res publica
- supporting the liberators
- mentoring octavian
- writing the phillipics
why did cicero write the phillipcs?
- to criticise mark antony
- to support the liberators
- to promote his version of the res publica
what pilitical ideals does cicero promote in the Phillipics
mos maiorum
anti tyrannical rule
culture of critising opponents
how did cicero die?
proscriptions in 43BC
what happened to ciceros body after his death
his head and hands were cut off and nailed to the rostra
Cicero to Atticus. Though I do not relax nowadays, except while I am writing
to you or reading your letters, I still feel at a loss for subject-matter for a letter
and I believe that you feel the same. The easy, personal exchanges we are
used to are out of the question in these critical times, and we have already
exhausted every topic relating to the crisis. However, so as not to succumb completely to morbid
reflection, I have put down certain questions relating to political behaviour which apply to the
present crisis. As well as distracting me from my present miserable thoughts, it has given me
practice in judging the problems:
Should one stay in ones country if it is under oppressive rule? Is it justifiable to use any
means to get rid of such rule, even if they endanger the fabric of the state? Secondly, do
precautions have to be taken to prevent the liberator becoming a tyrant himself? If one’s country
is under such rule, what are the arguments in favour of helping it by words rather than by war? Is
it statesmanlike when one’s country is under a tyranny to retire to some other place and remain
there inactive, or should you face danger in order to free it? If one’s country is under a tyranny, is
it right to concede to its invasion or blockade? Should you, even if not in agreement with war as
a means of abolishing tyranny, join up with the right-minded party in order to fight against it?
Should one in matters which concern one’s country share the dangers of one’s benefactors and
friends, even if their policy seems to be without wisdom? If one has done great service to one’s
country, and because of this received spiteful and jealous treatment, should one nevertheless
voluntarily endanger oneself for the sake of one’s country? Or is it legitimate to eventually have
some thought for oneself and one’s family, and to cease fighting against the people in power?
Occupying myself with these questions, and gathering the arguments on either side in
Latin or Greek, I take my mind off my cares for a short time. Though the problems I am posing
here are far from irrelevant to them. But I am afraid I am being a burden to you, for if the man
carrying this letter makes good time he will bring you the letter on the day you are due your
fever.
what worries does cicero express in this letter
should he stay or leave italy
worried about the policies of the optimates
worried Pompey might become a tyrant
cicero to atticus 44BC
Now, what do you think I hear in Lanuvium? In
contrast, I suspect there in Rome you hear news
every day. Things are boiling up, if Matius talks
like that, what do you think the rest will do? On my
part I am sorry that what has happened is
unprecedented in a state; that freedom has been
restored without a free state. It is horrible what
talk and threats there are. Also, I am afraid of
wars in Gaul and where Sextus will end up. Yet
come all, the Ides of March console us. Our
heroes achieved all they were able, gloriously and
magnificently. The things which remain, they
require men and money; of which we have none.
This from me to you – if you have any news (for I
expect you hear some every day) send it to me. If
you have nothing, nevertheless do not interrupt
our custom. I shall not.
what literary and technical terms does cicero employ here?
rhetorical question
personal pronouns
inamicita
cicero to trebonius 43 BC
From Cicero to Trebonius greetings.
How I would have liked you to have invited me to that most beautiful feast on the Ides of
March! We should have had nothing remaining. But with matters as they are, the heavenly
service you have given to the Republic is qualified by some grumbling. Truly, the fact that this
curse of the country was taken out of the way by you – the most loyal of men – and thanks to
your generosity, is still alive, makes me a little angry with you at times (although it is hardly
right!). Since you have left more trouble for me with to deal with by myself, than for the rest of the
world put together!
For as soon as the Senate could be held freely after the most dis-honourable departure of
Antony, I resumed my old spirit, which you and that most patriotic citizen, your father, have
always praised and loved. For, when the tribune of the plebs had summoned the Senate on the
20th of December and were putting another question to the house, I reviewed the whole
constitutional situation and spoke with intense spirit rather than eloquence. I restored to the
weary, wilting Senate its ancient and traditional valour. That day, my intense pleading gave the
Roman people hope of recovering their freedom. From that time, I have devoted every moment
not only to thinking about the Republic, but being active in it.
If I had not judged that you already receive reports of all that happens in the city, I would
write them out in great detail myself, despite the important business which takes up my time. You
will learn that from others; so a little from me, and only a summary. We have a strong Senate;
some of the ex-consuls are afraid, others you sense are unsound. Servius is a serious loss.
Lucius Caesar is loyal; but because he is Antony’s uncle, he does not speak his mind forcefully.
The Consuls are excellent, Decimus Brutus is famous; the boy Caesar is excellent, and I have
great hopes for his future. Indeed, this you can be sure of; had he not quickly conscripted the
veterans, and had two legions of Antony’s not been brought over to his command, and had
Antony not been terrified, there was no crime, no cruelty Antony would not have committed.
Though I expect you have heard all of this, I still want you to know about it. I shall write
more when I have more free time.
what literary and technical terms does cicero employ here?
superlatives (an adjective or adverb expressing a very high degree of qauity)
invective
mos maiorum
cicero to Plancus 43BC
Cicero to Plancus. The statement of our friend Furnius about your views on the Republic
was most agreeable to the Senate, and most pleasing to the Roman people. However, the
letter which was read out in the Senate seemed in no way to agree with what Furnius had
said. For you are an agent of peace when your colleague, a most distinguished man, is
being blockaded by a gang of vile brigands, which ought to lay down their weapons and
beg for peace; or if they demand a battle, then peace is acquired by victory not treaty. But
whether or not your letters, or Lepidus’, are accepted, you will learn from that best of men,
your brother, and from Furnius. I would never think you yourself to be without good
judgement, or for you to be without the good sense and loyalty of your brother and Furnius,
yet still I wish for some advice to reach you under my influence. Therefore, believe me,
Plancus, all those ranks of honour you have so far attained (and you have attained the
most glorious of these); these will be regarded not as badges of honour, but as empty titles,
unless you join yourself with the freedom of the Roman People and authority of the Senate.
Separate yourself, I beg, from those whom you joined not by your own deliberate decision,
but the chains of circumstance. In the confusion, several men have been called consular,
although none is regarded as a consular unless they have shown true consular spirit
towards the Republic. Such therefore is your opportunity, firstly to separate yourself from
disloyal citizens with whom you have nothing in common; then you should offer yourself to
the Senate as an advisor, leader and general; and lastly you must understand that peace
cannot be achieved by merely putting down your weapons, but by dispelling the fear of
conflict and slavery. If you feel and do this, then you will not only be a consul and a
consular but a great one. Otherwise, your most distinguished and honourable titles; will not
only be undistinguished, but will be the greatest dishonour. Good intention has prompted
me to write these words, although they are a little harsh. Put them to the test of practice –
which is the only method worthy of you – and you will find them to be true.
what literary and technical terms does cicero employ here?
tri colon
superlative (an adjective or adverb expressing a very high degree of qauity)
SPQR
imprator
“From M. Tullius Cicero, son of Marcus, to Cn. Pompeius Magnus, son
of Gnaeus, Imperator, greetings.
From your official dispatch, I – along with everyone else – take incredible pleasure. For you
have given us that strong hope of peace of which I, trusting so completely in you, was
assuring everyone. But I must inform you that your old enemies – now posing as your friends
– have received a stunning blow by this dispatch, and, being disappointed in the high hopes
they were entertaining, are thoroughly distressed. The private letter to me contained a
somewhat slight expression of your affection, yet I can assure you it gave me pleasure. There
is, however, nothing in which I find greater satisfaction than in the knowledge of serving my
friends. And, if on any occasion I do not meet with an adequate return, I am not at all sorry to
have the balance of kindness in my favour. I feel no doubt that even if my extraordinary
enthusiasm on your behalf has failed to unite you to me, the interests of the state will certainly
create a mutual attachment and coalition between us. To leave you in no doubt of what I
missed in your letter, I will write with the candour which my own disposition and our common
friendship demand. I did expect some congratulation in your letter on my achievements, both
for the sake of the ties between us and that of the Republic. This I presume to have been
omitted by you for fear of hurting anyone’s feelings. But let me tell you; what I did for the
salvation of the country is approved by the judgement and testimony of the whole world.
When you return home, you will know the great wisdom and courage I showed, and you – a
much greater man than Africanus was – will find it easy to admit me – one who is not much
inferior to Laelius – into association in politics and friendship.”
what technical and liertay terms does cicero use in this letter
personal pro nouns
patronym
hyperbole (exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally)
cicero to atticus 59BC
“I have received several of your letters in which I could see how
you were craving for news. Well, we are held down on all sides. We
do not object any more to the loss of our freedom, but we fear
death and exile as greater evils, when really they are lesser ones.
That is how things are; everyone groans over the situation, yet no
one speaks against it. What those in charge have in mind, I
suspect, is to make sure that there is nothing left which anyone
except themselves might be able to offer as a bribe! The only one
to speak or openly offer opposition is young Curio. Honest people give him a tremendous
round of applause and a very respectable reception in the forum, and many other signs of
goodwill. On the other hand, Fufius is pursued with shouts, jeers, and hisses. From such
circumstances it is not hope but resentment which is increased, for you see the citizens
allowed to express their feelings, yet debarred from carrying them out with any vigour. And to
omit details, with things as they are, there is now no hope of the magistrates, or indeed
private citizens, ever being free. Nevertheless, despite this oppression, conversation, at least
in society and at dinner tables, is freer than it was. Indignation is beginning to overcome fear,
although that does not prevent a universal feeling of despair. For this Campanian Law
contains a clause imposing an oath to be taken by candidates in public meeting, that they will
not suggest any tenure of public land other than that provided in the Julian laws. All the others
take the oath without hesitation: Laterensis is considered to have shown extraordinary virtue
in retiring from his canvass for the tribunate to avoid the oath. But I don’t care to write any
more about politics. I am dissatisfied with myself, and cannot write without the greatest pain. I
hold my own position with some dignity considering the general repression, but, considering
my past achievements, with less courage than I should like. I am invited by Caesar in a very
gentlemanly manner to join his staff and act as his legate, and even to go on a mission at
state expense. But the latter does not give sufficient security, since it depends too much on
the scrupulousness of Clodius and removes me just when my brother is returning; the former
offers better security, and does not prevent my returning when I wish. I am retaining the latter,
but do not think I shall use it. However, nobody knows about it. I don’t like running away; I am
longing to fight. There is great warmth of feeling for me. But I don’t say anything positive: you
will please not mention it. I am, in fact, very anxious about the freeing of Statius and some
other things, but I have become thick-skinned now. I could wish, or rather ardently desire, that
you were here; then I should not want for advice or consolation. But anyway, be ready to fly to
me should I call for you.”
what technical and literay terms does cicero employ here ?
invective
pathos(fears)
amicitia
cicero to atticus 49BC
“Oh what a dishonourable and therefore miserable
thing! For I feel that misery lies mainly or solely in
dishonour. He developed Caesar, then he suddenly
began to fear him; he rejected all offers of peace;
he made no preparations for war; he left Rome; he
was to blame for the loss of Picenum; he confined
himself in Apulia; he went to Greece; leaving us all
without a word, or letting us in on his extraordinary
plan upon which so much depended. Suddenly, a
letter came to him and his Consuls from Domitius.
It seemed to me to be as though the light of honour
flashed from Pompey’s eyes, and the real man he
ought to be exclaimed:
“So let them scheme as they must, and attempt
every trick, yet right is on my side.”
But Pompey bids a long goodbye to honour, and
proceeds for Brundisium. As for Domitius, they say
upon hearing this, he and those with him
surrendered. Oh, what a terrible business! I am too distressed to write much more – I hope for your letters.”
what gives this letter an informal tone ?
the comfortable way he discusses things in greek
mentioning previous exchanges between them
mentioning atticus fever
Cicero to Ceaser 49BC
Cicero Imperator to Caesar Imperator.
When I received your letter from our friend Furnius, in which you asked me
to come to Rome, I was not so much surprised that you wanted my ‘advice
and status’, but I asked myself, however, what you meant by ‘influence and
help’. Hope, however, led me to think that, due to your singular wisdom and
outstanding statesmanship, you might want to pursue negotiations for calm,
peace and civic harmony. For this end, I consider myself suitable enough by nature and
personality. If it is so, if you care to preserve our friend Pompey and reconcile him to the
Republic, you will find no one better suited to the cause than I am. When speaking with him
and the Senate I always advocated peace at the first opportunity. When arms were taken up, I
had no part in the war. My considered opinion is that the war involved an infringement of your
rights, in view of the opposition, by envious and unfriendly people, to an honour conferred
upon you by the Roman people. But as then I not only supported your position myself, but
urged others to come to your aid, so at the present moment I am strongly moved by
consideration for the position of Pompey. It is some years since I chose you two to cultivate
above all others, as what you still are, my very dear friends. Accordingly I ask you, I beg and
implore you with all my heart, to spare some time, amidst your great concerns, to consider
how by virtue of your kindness, I can best behave well, gratefully and loyally to Pompey, so as
to remember my obligation to him. If this request concerned only me, I should still hope you
would grant my request; I believe, however, that your honour and the Republic is also at stake
as I – a friend of peace and of you both – should be preserved by you as the most appropriate
agent for restoring harmony between you two and among our citizen body. I thanked you
before for saving Lentulus, who had saved me. But now I have read the letter which he has
sent me, full of thanks for your kindness and generosity in rescuing him, in rescuing him you
have rescued me too. If my gratitude to Lentulus is apparent to you, then I beg that I am able
to show the same to Pompey.
what technical and literarlly devices are in this letter?
concordia ordinum
clementia
imperator
cicero to atticus 45BC
Cicero to Atticus. Indeed? Brutus reports that Caesar has joined the Optimates? Good news!
But where is he going to find them – unless he hangs himself? As for Brutus, how foolish of
him to say such a thing! Where is that artwork of yours I saw in the Parthenon with Ahala
and Brutus as Consuls? But what can he do? I was very pleased to read that ‘not even the
man who had begun the whole criminal business had a good word to say about our nephew’.
I feared that even Brutus liked him. For that seemed the meaning of the sentence in his letter
to me: ‘But I could wish that you had a taste of his conversations with me.’ But, as you say,
more of this when we are face to face. But what do you advise? Am I to remain here or fly off
to Rome? I am immersed in my books and I do not want to receive him here. I hear that
today his father went off to meet him at Saxa in a very bad temper; I rebuked him! But I am
chopping and changing this way and that myself – so we must wait and see. See what you
think about my coming to Rome and let me hear the whole business tomorrow morning so
that I know them immediately.
what technical terms are present in this letter ?
- hellenization
- dominato
- Boni
what offices did Cato hold ?
- Quaestor
- tribune of the plebs
- praetor
- governer of cyprus
when did Cato hold his quaestorship?
64BC
When did Cato hold his Tribune of the plebs postion
62BC
when did Cato hold his Praetorship ?
54BC
when did Cato hold his Governership?
57-56BC
what philosophy does Cato follow?
stoiciscm
what are the principles of stoicism?
- wisdom
- self restraint
- justice
- dealing with the world as it is
how does Cato show his integrity?
- insured money collected from cyprus reached Rome
- went through state accounts as quaestor for those who exploited the proscriptions
- refused to employ bribes in consular election campaign
what diffences are there between cato and cicero ?
cicero was pragmatic
Cato was a stoic
cicero accepted clementia
what does cicero say critising Cato in a letter to atticus?
“He [Cato] speaks in the Senate
as though he is living in Plato’s
Republic
rather than the sewers of Rome.”
what did plutarch say about cato’s rejection of pompeys offer of a marriage alliance in 60BC ?
“Cato was deeply suspicious of Pompey’s
attentions, which he saw as an attempt to corrupt him – to bribe him, as it were, with a marriage alliance …”
what episodes are there where Cato opposes the trivumvrate
- blocking the crassus backed publicani to reduce some tax contracts
- blocking ceasers request to stand for the consulship in absentia in 60BC so ceaser could also hold a triumph
- Cato accused Caesar of inicating an illegal war against germanic tribes
- trying to prevent the passing of the lex campainia and getting arrested by ceasers lictors
what techneques does Cato employ to opose the triumvate
- oratary
- voting and fillerbusting against proposals
- refusing animictia with pompey
how is cato a politcal liabilty ?
- by blocking much needed reforms
- Catos lack of pragmatism
- creating inamicita with powerful politicians
what is a metapor ?
where one thing is described as another thus carrying over its associations
what is a hyperbole?
exaggeration
what is a superlative?
an adjective or adverb expressing the highest degree of qaulity
what is a tri colon ?
a series of three clearly defined words
when did ceaser hold his quaestorship?
69BC
when did ceaser hold his Praetorship?
62BC
when did ceaser hold his adileship?
65BC
when did ceaser hold his consulship?
59BC
when did ceaser hold his dictatorship?
- 49BC
- 48BC
- 46BC
- 44BC
what is a praeteritio?
where the speaker states that he or she will not mention something and in so doing they
deliberately mention it in order to put that idea into the mind of the audience.
