PTA 102 Flashcards
Study Guide from board for mid term.
1
Q
What is Newton’s Law of Inertia?
A
An object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends to stay in motion.
2
Q
What is Newton’s Law of Acceleration?
A
The amount of acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied to an object.
3
Q
What is Newton’s Law of Action-Reaction?
A
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
4
Q
What is linear force?
A
Results when 2 or more forces are acting along the same line
5
Q
What is a parallel force?
A
Occur in the same plane and in the same or opposite direction
6
Q
What is a stabilizing force?
A
The force generated by the muscle is directed back into the joint, pulling the two bones together
- Example: biceps in nearly full elbow extension (i.e. - carrying grocery bags)
7
Q
What is an angular force?
A
Movement force; most of the force generated by the muscle is directed at rotating, not stabilizing the joint
- A muscle is most efficient when the joint is at or near 90 degrees.
8
Q
First-Class Lever
A
- Axis is located between the force and the resistance
- Advantage: Force
- Disadvantage: Poor range of motion and speed
- Ex: Crowbar, can opener, scissors
9
Q
Second-Class Lever
A
- Resistance is in the middle, with the axis at one end and the force at the other
- Advantage: More powerful than first-class lever
- Disadvantage: Less range of motion and speed
- Ex: Wheelbarrow, nutcracker, bottle opener
10
Q
Third-Class Lever
A
- Force is in the middle, with resistance and the axis at opposite ends
- Advantage: Speed and distance
- Disadvantage: Less force
- Ex: Baseball bat, tennis racket, golf club
11
Q
Center of Gravity (CoG)
A
The balance point of an object at which torque on all sides is equal; the point at which all planes of the body intersect
12
Q
Base of Support (BoS)
A
The part of the body that is in contact with the supporting surface
13
Q
Line of Gravity (LoG)
A
An imaginary vertical line passing through the CoG toward the center of the earth
14
Q
Tissue Types
A
- Epithelial tissue - skin and organ linings
- Muscle - contractile tissue
- Nerve tissue - generates and conducts electrical signals
- Connective tissue - EVERYTHING ELSE!
15
Q
Properties of Soft Tissue
A
- Stretch (lengthen without being injured or damaged)
- Elasticity (ability to recoil or rebound to an original length of shape after being stretched)
- Plasticity (capacity to be altered and retain that new configuration)
- Creep (gradual change in shape that occurs when tissues are subjected to a slow, continuous force)
- Thixotropy (responds to changes in temperature - or other disturbances such as pressure - by transforming from a gel to a liquid - or solid - and vice versa)
- Tensile strength (ability to be pulled in two different directions without damage, can withstand tension)
- Piezoelectric effect (when dense connective tissue is subjected to mechanical stress, its molecules shift and an electrical charge is produced)
- Colloidal (composed of solid particles suspended in fluid so that it is both flexible and virtually incompressible
16
Q
Functional Classifications of Connective Tissue
A
- Compression tissues - bone and cartilage
- Tension tissues - proper fascia, tendons, and ligaments
17
Q
Two Sections of the Skeleton
A
- Axial skeleton: Head, thorax, and trunk
- Appendicular skeleton: Attaches to the axial skeleton; extremities
18
Q
Long Bones
A
- Largest bones in the body
- Make up most of the appendicular skeleton
19
Q
Short Bones
A
- Tend to have more equal dimensions of height, width, and length
- Great deal of articular surface
- Usually articulate with more than 1 bone
20
Q
Flat Bones
A
- Very broad surface
- Not very thick
21
Q
Irregular Bones
A
- Have a variety of mixed shapes
22
Q
Sesamoid Bones
A
- Resemble the shape of sesame seeds
- Small bones located where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the extremities
23
Q
What is Wolff’s Law?
A
Bone tissue, when put under stress, will thicken and form a stronger osseous matrix, and, when stress is removed, unused material will be reabsorbed
24
Q
Fibrous Joints
A
3 Types:
- Synarthrosis - suture joint (skull bones)
- Syndesmosis - ligamentous joint) between radius and ulna as well as distal tibiofibular joint)
- Gomphosis - “peg-in-socket” (teeth in their sockets)
25
**Cartilaginous Joint (Amphiarthrodial)**
* Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage between 2 bones
* Pubic symphysis, sternum and manubrium, intervertebral joints
26
**Synovial Joint (Diarthrodial)**
* No direct union between the bone ends
* Cavity filled with synovial fluid contained within a capsule
* Smooth articular surface covered with hyaline cartilage or articular cartilage
* Less stable, but allows for more motion
27
**Nonaxial Joint**
* Linear instead of angular movement (no axis)
* Joint surfaces relatively flat and glide over each other
* Plane joint
* Example: carpal bones
28
**Uniaxial Joint**
* Angular motion occuring in 1 plane around 1 axis
* **Hinge joint**: analogous to a hinge
* Ex: Humeroulnar joint
* **Pivot joint**: pivot motion
* Ex: Atlantoaxial joint and proximal radioulnar joint
29
**Biaxial Joint**
* Motion occurs in 2 different directions
* **Ellipsoid joint**: metacarpophalangeal joints
* **Saddle joint**: 1st carpometacarpal (CMC) joint
30
**Triaxial Joint**
* Multiaxial joint
* Motion occurs actively in all 3 axes
* Ball-and-socket joints such as shoulder and hip
31
**Osteokinematic Motion**
* Movement of a bone around a joint axis (ROM)
* Passive Range of Motion (PROM) - assess end feel
* Active Range of Motion (AROM) - assess will and ability to move
32
**End Feel**
* Subjective assessment
* ***Quality*** of the feel when slight pressure applied at the end of the joint's ***passive*** range of motion
* **Ability to palpate normal end feel and distinguish abnormal end feel is important in protecting joints during ROM exercises!**
33
## Footnote
**Normal Bony End Feel**
* AKA "Hard end feel"
* Hard and abrupt limit to passive joint motion
* Occurs when bone contacts bone at the end of the ROM
* Example: Terminal elbow extention
34
**Normal Soft Tissue** **Stret****ch**
* AKA "Firm end feel"
* Firm sensation that has a slight give when the joint is taken to end-range of motion
* Result of tension in the surrounding ligaments, capsules, and muscles
* **Most common end feel**
35
**Abnormal Bony End Feel**
* Sudden hard stop usually felt well BEFOE the end of normal ROM
* Abnormal structures block the joint's motion
* Ex: osteophyte
36
**Boggy End Feel**
* Often found in acute conditions where there is edema or swelling present
* Soft, "wet sponge" feel
* Ex: acute ankle sprain or following joint replacement surgery
37
**Empty End Feel**
* Occurs when movement produces considerable pain
* The individual will not let you move the part through further ROM
* Not getting to true end feel because patient will not allow due to pain or other
38
**Springy Block End Feel**
* A rebound movement is felt at the end of the ROM
* Frequently occurs with the internal derangement of a joint
* Ex: torn cartilage
39
**Arthrokinematic Motion**
* The manner in which *adjoining joint surfaces move on each other* during osteokinematic joint movement
* Arthrokinematic motion = motion between the articulating surfaces within a joint
40
**Arthrokinematic Motion: Roll**
* The rolling of 1 joint surface on another
* New points on each surface come in contact throughout the motion
41
**Arthrokinematic Motion: Glide**
* AKA "Slide"
* Linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of the adjoining joint surface
* One point on a joint surface contact new points on the adjacent surface
42
**Arthrokinematic Motion: Spin**
* Rotation of the movable joint surface on the fixed adjacent surface
* Same points on each surface remain in contact with each other
43
**Open Kinetic Chain**
Proximal segment is fixed while the distal end is free to move
44
**Closed Kinetic Chain**
Distal segment is fixed while the proximal segments move
45
**Concave-Convex Rule**
* A **concave** joint surface will move on a fixed **convex** surface in the **same** direction the body segment is moving (ex: ulna on the humerus)
* A **convex** joint surface will move on a fixed **concave** surface in the **opposite** direction as the body segment is moving (ex: shoulder abduction)
46
**Joint Congruency: Close-packed Position**
* Congruent joint: Joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other, are tightly compressed and difficult to distract or separate
* Ligaments and capsule holding the joint together are taut
* Close-packed position
47
**Incongruent Joint: Open-packed Position**
* Open packed (loose-packed) position: Position of maximum incongruence
* AKA "resting position"
* Parts of the capsule and supporting ligaments are lax
* Minimal congruency between the articular surfaces
* Further passive separation of the joint can occur in this position
48
**4 Properties of Muscle**
* **Excitability** - the ability to respond to stimuli
* **Contractibility** - the ability to develop tension when stimulated
* **Extensibility** - the capacity to stretch or lengthen without being damaged
* **Elasticity** - the tendency to return to the original length after being stretched
49
**Muscle Structure**
50
**Motor Unit**
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates or controls (fibers are spread throughout the muscle)
51
**All or None Principle**
Every muscle fiber controlled by a specific motor neuron will contract at the same time
52
**Types of Contractions of Muscle Activation**
* **Isotonic** - muscle changes length
* Concentric - muscle shortens; lifting motion (acceleration)
* Eccentric - muscle lengthens; lowering motion (deceleration)
* **Isometric** - muscle length does NOT change
* Isokinetic - muscle velocity/speed is constant (rare, requires special equipment)
53
**Roles of Muscles**
* **Agonist** - primary mover; initiates the main action
* **Synergist** - assists the agonist
* **Antagonist** - opposed the action of the agonist
* **Stabilizer** -
* "Neutralizer" - a fixating force that helps direct the agonist
* "Supporter" - supports another body part while the main action occurs
A muscle's role is determined by its relative size, shape, joint design, muscle's location in relation to the joint axis, and the muscle's line of pull.
54
**Functional Muscle Groups**
* **Postural**
* Sustain your body against gravity
* Perform for long periods of time in a semi-contracted state
* **Phasic**
* Performs movement
* Contract fully for shorter periods of time
55
**Dermatomes**
56
**Myotomes**
57
**Proprioceptors**
Receptor cells that are sensitive to stimuli pertaining to muscle and joint position
* **Muscle spindle cells** - sense **muscle belly** change in length and rate of change
* **Golgi tendon organs** - sense change in muscle tension at **musculotendinous junction**
* **Ruffini's end organs** - sense slow changes in a **joint's** position (joint in motion or stationary)
* **Pacinian corpuscles** - sense fast changes in pressure around a **joint** (change in position)
58
**4 Joints of the Shoulder Complex**
59
**Glenohumeral Motion**
* Flexion
* Extension
* Medial/internal rotation
* Lateral/external rotation
* Abduction
* Adduction
* Horizontal abduction
* Horizontal adduction
* Scaption
* Circumduction
60
**Companion Motions of the Shoulder Complex**
61
**Scapulohumeral Rhythm**
* The movement relationship between the shoulder girdle and the glenohumeral joint
* 2:1 ratio of shoulder elevation (flexion or abduction) to scapular upward rotation
* The first 30 degrees of shoulder motion is purely glenohumeral joint motion; all motion after the first 30 degrees is "scapulohumeral" motion.
62
**4 Joints of the Elbow and Forearm**
* Humeroulnar and humeroradial joints flex and extend the elbow
* Proximal and distal radioulnar joints pronate and supinate the forearm
63
**Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)**
* Concave articular fossa of the temporal bone superiorly
* Convex condyle of the mandible inferiorly
* Synovial joint
* Allows some gliding motion (not a pure hinge joint)
* Fibrocartilage disc separates joint into 2 joint spaces
64
**TMJ Motions**
* Depression (opening of the mouth)
* Mandibular elevation (closing of the mouth)
* Lateral deviation (side-to-side jaw movement)
* Protrusion (moving the jaw forward)
* Retrusion (moving the jaw posteriorly)
65
**Ligaments of the TMJ**
* Temporomandibular ligament (Lateral ligament)
* Sphenomandibular ligament
* Stylomandibular ligament
66
**TMJ Info**
67
**4 Curves of the Vertebral Column**
68
**Vertebral Column**
* **Anterior Pillar:**
* Vertebral bodies
* Intervertebral discs
* Hydraulic, weight-bearing, shock-absorbing portion
* **Posterior Pillar:**
* Articular processes
* Zygapophyseal (facet) joints
* Transverse processes
* Spinous processes
* Gliding mechanism
* Lever system for muscle attachments
69
**Motion Segment**
* 2 adjacent vertebrae and the joints in between
* Movement is described by the direction of the motion of a point on the anterior side of the superior vertebrae
70
**Zygapophyseal (Facet) Joints**
* Located posteriorly
* Project from posterior arch
* Plane joints
* Synovial joints
* Provide mechanical guidance against excessive torsion and shear
* Permit certain movements and block others
* **Cervical spine orientation**
* Relatively horizontal then toward 45 degree angle in lower c-spine
* Movements in all planes
* **Thoracic spine orientation**
* Vertical orientation in frontal plane
* Axial rotation (and lateral flexion); resists sagittal plane
* **Lumbar spine orientation**
* Vertical primarily in sagittal plane
* Helps prevent anterior shear while restricting rotation
71
**Intervertebral Discs (IVDs)**
* **Annulus fibrosis:** concentric sheets of type 1 collagen fibers; resists torsional forces
* **Vertebral end-plate:** layer of hyaline and fibrocartilage; diffusion of nutrients through this layer
* **Nucleus pulposus:** semi-fluid mass of mucoid material; shock absorption
* **Allows the relatively flat vertebrae to tilt one on the other**
72
**Vertebral Column Joint Motions**
* Triaxial
* Flexion/Extension
* Lateral Flexion (side bending)/Side Gliding
* Rotation
73
**Spinal Ligaments**
74
**Cervical Spine Mechanics**
* Neutral position: lordosis
* Flexion/Extension, Rotation, Lateral Flexion
* Upper Cervical spine
* Lower Cervical spine
* Transition zone
75
**Thoracic Spine** **Mechani****cs**
* Neutral position: kyphosis
* Increased stability and decreased mobility
* Each vertebra articulates with a set of paired ribs
* Costovertebral joint - each of ribs 2-9 with two vertebral bodies and the intervertebral disc (rib 1, 10, 11 and 12 have only one costovertebral joint each)
* Costotransverse joint - each of ribs 1-10 with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra
76
**Osteokinematics for Thoracic Vertebra**
77
**Ventilation Muscles**
* **Primary muscles**
* Intercostals
* Diaphragm
* Scalenes
* **Accessory Muscles**
* SCM
* Pec major and minor
* Abdominals
* Latissimus dorsi
* Erector spinae group
* Quadratus lumborum
