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PTA 102 > PTA 102 > Flashcards

PTA 102 Flashcards

Study Guide from board for mid term.

1
Q

What is Newton’s Law of Inertia?

A

An object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends to stay in motion.

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2
Q

What is Newton’s Law of Acceleration?

A

The amount of acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied to an object.

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3
Q

What is Newton’s Law of Action-Reaction?

A

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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4
Q

What is linear force?

A

Results when 2 or more forces are acting along the same line

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5
Q

What is a parallel force?

A

Occur in the same plane and in the same or opposite direction

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6
Q

What is a stabilizing force?

A

The force generated by the muscle is directed back into the joint, pulling the two bones together

  • Example: biceps in nearly full elbow extension (i.e. - carrying grocery bags)
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7
Q

What is an angular force?

A

Movement force; most of the force generated by the muscle is directed at rotating, not stabilizing the joint

  • A muscle is most efficient when the joint is at or near 90 degrees.
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8
Q

First-Class Lever

A
  • Axis is located between the force and the resistance
  • Advantage: Force
  • Disadvantage: Poor range of motion and speed
  • Ex: Crowbar, can opener, scissors
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9
Q

Second-Class Lever

A
  • Resistance is in the middle, with the axis at one end and the force at the other
  • Advantage: More powerful than first-class lever
  • Disadvantage: Less range of motion and speed
  • Ex: Wheelbarrow, nutcracker, bottle opener
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10
Q

Third-Class Lever

A
  • Force is in the middle, with resistance and the axis at opposite ends
  • Advantage: Speed and distance
  • Disadvantage: Less force
  • Ex: Baseball bat, tennis racket, golf club
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11
Q

Center of Gravity (CoG)

A

The balance point of an object at which torque on all sides is equal; the point at which all planes of the body intersect

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12
Q

Base of Support (BoS)

A

The part of the body that is in contact with the supporting surface

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13
Q

Line of Gravity (LoG)

A

An imaginary vertical line passing through the CoG toward the center of the earth

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14
Q

Tissue Types

A
  • Epithelial tissue - skin and organ linings
  • Muscle - contractile tissue
  • Nerve tissue - generates and conducts electrical signals
  • Connective tissue - EVERYTHING ELSE!
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15
Q

Properties of Soft Tissue

A
  • Stretch (lengthen without being injured or damaged)
  • Elasticity (ability to recoil or rebound to an original length of shape after being stretched)
  • Plasticity (capacity to be altered and retain that new configuration)
  • Creep (gradual change in shape that occurs when tissues are subjected to a slow, continuous force)
  • Thixotropy (responds to changes in temperature - or other disturbances such as pressure - by transforming from a gel to a liquid - or solid - and vice versa)
  • Tensile strength (ability to be pulled in two different directions without damage, can withstand tension)
  • Piezoelectric effect (when dense connective tissue is subjected to mechanical stress, its molecules shift and an electrical charge is produced)
  • Colloidal (composed of solid particles suspended in fluid so that it is both flexible and virtually incompressible
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16
Q

Functional Classifications of Connective Tissue

A
  • Compression tissues - bone and cartilage
  • Tension tissues - proper fascia, tendons, and ligaments
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17
Q

Two Sections of the Skeleton

A
  • Axial skeleton: Head, thorax, and trunk
  • Appendicular skeleton: Attaches to the axial skeleton; extremities
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18
Q

Long Bones

A
  • Largest bones in the body
  • Make up most of the appendicular skeleton
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19
Q

Short Bones

A
  • Tend to have more equal dimensions of height, width, and length
  • Great deal of articular surface
  • Usually articulate with more than 1 bone
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20
Q

Flat Bones

A
  • Very broad surface
  • Not very thick
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21
Q

Irregular Bones

A
  • Have a variety of mixed shapes
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22
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A
  • Resemble the shape of sesame seeds
  • Small bones located where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the extremities
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23
Q

What is Wolff’s Law?

A

Bone tissue, when put under stress, will thicken and form a stronger osseous matrix, and, when stress is removed, unused material will be reabsorbed

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24
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

3 Types:

  • Synarthrosis - suture joint (skull bones)
  • Syndesmosis - ligamentous joint) between radius and ulna as well as distal tibiofibular joint)
  • Gomphosis - “peg-in-socket” (teeth in their sockets)
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25
Q

Cartilaginous Joint (Amphiarthrodial)

A
  • Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage between 2 bones
  • Pubic symphysis, sternum and manubrium, intervertebral joints
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26
Q

Synovial Joint (Diarthrodial)

A
  • No direct union between the bone ends
  • Cavity filled with synovial fluid contained within a capsule
  • Smooth articular surface covered with hyaline cartilage or articular cartilage
  • Less stable, but allows for more motion
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27
Q

Nonaxial Joint

A
  • Linear instead of angular movement (no axis)
  • Joint surfaces relatively flat and glide over each other
  • Plane joint
  • Example: carpal bones
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28
Q

Uniaxial Joint

A
  • Angular motion occuring in 1 plane around 1 axis
  • Hinge joint: analogous to a hinge
  • Ex: Humeroulnar joint
  • Pivot joint: pivot motion
  • Ex: Atlantoaxial joint and proximal radioulnar joint
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29
Q

Biaxial Joint

A
  • Motion occurs in 2 different directions
  • Ellipsoid joint: metacarpophalangeal joints
  • Saddle joint: 1st carpometacarpal (CMC) joint
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30
Q

Triaxial Joint

A
  • Multiaxial joint
  • Motion occurs actively in all 3 axes
  • Ball-and-socket joints such as shoulder and hip
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31
Q

Osteokinematic Motion

A
  • Movement of a bone around a joint axis (ROM)
    • Passive Range of Motion (PROM) - assess end feel
    • Active Range of Motion (AROM) - assess will and ability to move
32
Q

End Feel

A
  • Subjective assessment
  • Quality of the feel when slight pressure applied at the end of the joint’s passive range of motion
  • Ability to palpate normal end feel and distinguish abnormal end feel is important in protecting joints during ROM exercises!
33
Q

Normal Bony End Feel

A
  • AKA “Hard end feel”
  • Hard and abrupt limit to passive joint motion
  • Occurs when bone contacts bone at the end of the ROM
  • Example: Terminal elbow extention
34
Q

Normal Soft Tissue Stretch

A
  • AKA “Firm end feel”
  • Firm sensation that has a slight give when the joint is taken to end-range of motion
  • Result of tension in the surrounding ligaments, capsules, and muscles
  • Most common end feel
35
Q

Abnormal Bony End Feel

A
  • Sudden hard stop usually felt well BEFOE the end of normal ROM
  • Abnormal structures block the joint’s motion
    • Ex: osteophyte
36
Q

Boggy End Feel

A
  • Often found in acute conditions where there is edema or swelling present
  • Soft, “wet sponge” feel
    • Ex: acute ankle sprain or following joint replacement surgery
37
Q

Empty End Feel

A
  • Occurs when movement produces considerable pain
  • The individual will not let you move the part through further ROM
  • Not getting to true end feel because patient will not allow due to pain or other
38
Q

Springy Block End Feel

A
  • A rebound movement is felt at the end of the ROM
  • Frequently occurs with the internal derangement of a joint
    • Ex: torn cartilage
39
Q

Arthrokinematic Motion

A
  • The manner in which adjoining joint surfaces move on each other during osteokinematic joint movement
  • Arthrokinematic motion = motion between the articulating surfaces within a joint
40
Q

Arthrokinematic Motion: Roll

A
  • The rolling of 1 joint surface on another
  • New points on each surface come in contact throughout the motion
41
Q

Arthrokinematic Motion: Glide

A
  • AKA “Slide”
  • Linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of the adjoining joint surface
  • One point on a joint surface contact new points on the adjacent surface
42
Q

Arthrokinematic Motion: Spin

A
  • Rotation of the movable joint surface on the fixed adjacent surface
  • Same points on each surface remain in contact with each other
43
Q

Open Kinetic Chain

A

Proximal segment is fixed while the distal end is free to move

44
Q

Closed Kinetic Chain

A

Distal segment is fixed while the proximal segments move

45
Q

Concave-Convex Rule

A
  • A concave joint surface will move on a fixed convex surface in the same direction the body segment is moving (ex: ulna on the humerus)
  • A convex joint surface will move on a fixed concave surface in the opposite direction as the body segment is moving (ex: shoulder abduction)
46
Q

Joint Congruency: Close-packed Position

A
  • Congruent joint: Joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other, are tightly compressed and difficult to distract or separate
  • Ligaments and capsule holding the joint together are taut
  • Close-packed position
47
Q

Incongruent Joint: Open-packed Position

A
  • Open packed (loose-packed) position: Position of maximum incongruence
  • AKA “resting position”
  • Parts of the capsule and supporting ligaments are lax
  • Minimal congruency between the articular surfaces
  • Further passive separation of the joint can occur in this position
48
Q

4 Properties of Muscle

A
  • Excitability - the ability to respond to stimuli
  • Contractibility - the ability to develop tension when stimulated
  • Extensibility - the capacity to stretch or lengthen without being damaged
  • Elasticity - the tendency to return to the original length after being stretched
49
Q

Muscle Structure

A
50
Q

Motor Unit

A

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates or controls (fibers are spread throughout the muscle)

51
Q

All or None Principle

A

Every muscle fiber controlled by a specific motor neuron will contract at the same time

52
Q

Types of Contractions of Muscle Activation

A
  • Isotonic - muscle changes length
    • Concentric - muscle shortens; lifting motion (acceleration)
    • Eccentric - muscle lengthens; lowering motion (deceleration)
  • Isometric - muscle length does NOT change
  • Isokinetic - muscle velocity/speed is constant (rare, requires special equipment)
53
Q

Roles of Muscles

A
  • Agonist - primary mover; initiates the main action
  • Synergist - assists the agonist
  • Antagonist - opposed the action of the agonist
  • Stabilizer -
    • “Neutralizer” - a fixating force that helps direct the agonist
    • “Supporter” - supports another body part while the main action occurs

A muscle’s role is determined by its relative size, shape, joint design, muscle’s location in relation to the joint axis, and the muscle’s line of pull.

54
Q

Functional Muscle Groups

A
  • Postural
    • Sustain your body against gravity
    • Perform for long periods of time in a semi-contracted state
  • Phasic
    • Performs movement
    • Contract fully for shorter periods of time
55
Q

Dermatomes

A
56
Q

Myotomes

A
57
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Receptor cells that are sensitive to stimuli pertaining to muscle and joint position

  • Muscle spindle cells - sense muscle belly change in length and rate of change
  • Golgi tendon organs - sense change in muscle tension at musculotendinous junction
  • Ruffini’s end organs - sense slow changes in a joint’s position (joint in motion or stationary)
  • Pacinian corpuscles - sense fast changes in pressure around a joint (change in position)
58
Q

4 Joints of the Shoulder Complex

A
59
Q

Glenohumeral Motion

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Medial/internal rotation
  • Lateral/external rotation
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Horizontal abduction
  • Horizontal adduction
  • Scaption
  • Circumduction
60
Q

Companion Motions of the Shoulder Complex

A
61
Q

Scapulohumeral Rhythm

A
  • The movement relationship between the shoulder girdle and the glenohumeral joint
  • 2:1 ratio of shoulder elevation (flexion or abduction) to scapular upward rotation
  • The first 30 degrees of shoulder motion is purely glenohumeral joint motion; all motion after the first 30 degrees is “scapulohumeral” motion.
62
Q

4 Joints of the Elbow and Forearm

A
  • Humeroulnar and humeroradial joints flex and extend the elbow
  • Proximal and distal radioulnar joints pronate and supinate the forearm
63
Q

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

A
  • Concave articular fossa of the temporal bone superiorly
  • Convex condyle of the mandible inferiorly
  • Synovial joint
  • Allows some gliding motion (not a pure hinge joint)
  • Fibrocartilage disc separates joint into 2 joint spaces
64
Q

TMJ Motions

A
  • Depression (opening of the mouth)
  • Mandibular elevation (closing of the mouth)
  • Lateral deviation (side-to-side jaw movement)
  • Protrusion (moving the jaw forward)
  • Retrusion (moving the jaw posteriorly)
65
Q

Ligaments of the TMJ

A
  • Temporomandibular ligament (Lateral ligament)
  • Sphenomandibular ligament
  • Stylomandibular ligament
66
Q

TMJ Info

A
67
Q

4 Curves of the Vertebral Column

A
68
Q

Vertebral Column

A
  • Anterior Pillar:
    • Vertebral bodies
    • Intervertebral discs
    • Hydraulic, weight-bearing, shock-absorbing portion
  • Posterior Pillar:
    • Articular processes
    • Zygapophyseal (facet) joints
    • Transverse processes
    • Spinous processes
    • Gliding mechanism
    • Lever system for muscle attachments
69
Q

Motion Segment

A
  • 2 adjacent vertebrae and the joints in between
  • Movement is described by the direction of the motion of a point on the anterior side of the superior vertebrae
70
Q

Zygapophyseal (Facet) Joints

A
  • Located posteriorly
  • Project from posterior arch
  • Plane joints
  • Synovial joints
  • Provide mechanical guidance against excessive torsion and shear
  • Permit certain movements and block others
  • Cervical spine orientation
    • Relatively horizontal then toward 45 degree angle in lower c-spine
    • Movements in all planes
  • Thoracic spine orientation
    • Vertical orientation in frontal plane
    • Axial rotation (and lateral flexion); resists sagittal plane
  • Lumbar spine orientation
    • Vertical primarily in sagittal plane
    • Helps prevent anterior shear while restricting rotation
71
Q

Intervertebral Discs (IVDs)

A
  • Annulus fibrosis: concentric sheets of type 1 collagen fibers; resists torsional forces
  • Vertebral end-plate: layer of hyaline and fibrocartilage; diffusion of nutrients through this layer
  • Nucleus pulposus: semi-fluid mass of mucoid material; shock absorption
  • Allows the relatively flat vertebrae to tilt one on the other
72
Q

Vertebral Column Joint Motions

A
  • Triaxial
  • Flexion/Extension
  • Lateral Flexion (side bending)/Side Gliding
  • Rotation
73
Q

Spinal Ligaments

A
74
Q

Cervical Spine Mechanics

A
  • Neutral position: lordosis
  • Flexion/Extension, Rotation, Lateral Flexion
  • Upper Cervical spine
  • Lower Cervical spine
  • Transition zone
75
Q

Thoracic Spine Mechanics

A
  • Neutral position: kyphosis
  • Increased stability and decreased mobility
  • Each vertebra articulates with a set of paired ribs
    • Costovertebral joint - each of ribs 2-9 with two vertebral bodies and the intervertebral disc (rib 1, 10, 11 and 12 have only one costovertebral joint each)
    • Costotransverse joint - each of ribs 1-10 with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra
76
Q

Osteokinematics for Thoracic Vertebra

A
77
Q

Ventilation Muscles

A
  • Primary muscles
    • Intercostals
    • Diaphragm
    • Scalenes
  • Accessory Muscles
    • SCM
    • Pec major and minor
    • Abdominals
    • Latissimus dorsi
    • Erector spinae group
    • Quadratus lumborum

PTA 102 (1 decks)

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