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PT Exam Answer Focus > PT Exam Answer Study > Flashcards

PT Exam Answer Study Flashcards

1
Q

Where is most of energy produced in the aerobic cycle?

A

Aerobic cycle energy is produced in the mitochondria.

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2
Q

What are the 3 Components of the Spinal Stabilization Sub Systems

A

Spinal stabilization system is made up of three subsystems:

  • Control subsystem (Neural)
  • Passive subsystem (Spinal column) JOINTS
  • Active subsystem (Spinal muscle) MUSCULAR
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3
Q

Should you do isometric exercises if you have high blood pressure?

A

NO

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4
Q

Is the pelvis part of the axial skeleton?

A

NO it’s part of the appendicular skeleton

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5
Q

How do you calculate max heart rate?

A

220 - age = maximum heart rate

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6
Q

Describe Axial Skeleton

A
  • Skull, spine, ribs, sternum
  • Comprises 80 bones
  • (206 total in the body)
  • Protects organs
  • Provides trunk to which limbs attach
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7
Q

What is Lower Crossed Syndrome?

A

Weak lower abs.

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8
Q

What causes anterior tilt?

A

Anterior tilt is typically caused by tight:

  • erector spinae
  • illiopsoas
  • rectus femoris
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9
Q

What percentage of muscle cell is protein?

A

23%

24%

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10
Q

What are the 3 Planes of movement/motion

A
  • Frontal - Divides anterior and posterior (adduction and abuction such as lateral arm raises)
  • Sagittal - Divides right and left sides of the body (flexion and extension such as squats)
  • Transverse (horizontal) - Divides superior and inferior parts of the body (typically twisting and rotating)
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11
Q

Agonist versus Antagonist

A
  • Prime mover is the agonist
  • Antagonist will be inhibited to allow the desired movement of the joint that they both cross.
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12
Q

Is vastus medial a hamstring?

A

NO - it’s a quad muscle

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13
Q

Deep Front Line Functional Relevance

A

Maintains core alignment and stability.

Connects core stabilization to breath.

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14
Q

What is Upper Crossed Syndrome?

A

Results from short and tight upper abs.

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15
Q

What is PAR-Q

A

Physical Activity Readyness Questionaire

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16
Q

What is supine and prone positions?

A
  • Supine - body lies face up (remember soup cup)
  • Prone - body lies facedown
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17
Q

“Engaging” is that strong program design or program delivery?

A

Being engaging is part of prgram deliver, NOT design

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18
Q

What is EPOC?

A

Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption

Repaying borrowed oxygen or oxygen debt.

Always a greater payment than was borrowed

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19
Q

Steps of Program Design

A
  1. Information gathering - assessments / history / time constraints
  2. Prioritization of Program Goals - Blend what you know is crucial with client’s goals
  3. Creation and Evaluation of the program - Run through program and ensure timing and flow.
  4. Delivery of the Program - Deliver and review/discuss.
  5. Reasessment - After 2 - 4 weeks reassess.
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20
Q

Liver and blood volume at rest and during strenuous exercise:

A
  • Liver 27% at rest
  • Liver 2% during strenuous exercise
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21
Q

What is FITT and where can it be applied?

A

Frequency - How often to perform a component

Intensity - Difficulty level (measured by heart rate, load, reps, etc.)

Time - How long each component should last and how much rest a client should take (minutes/seconds)

Type - Choice of Exercise for each component of program (exercise, piece of equipment, activity)

Used in:

  • Resistance training
  • Cardiorespiratory training
  • Flexibility training
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22
Q

What is epimysium?

A

Shiny outer layer of connective tissue surrounding the muscle.

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23
Q

Describe Appendicular Skeleton

A
  • Bones of the appendages (upper/lower limbs) and the bony girdles to which they attach
  • Pectoral Girdle
  • Pelvic Girdle
  • 126 bones (64 in upper limbs and 62 in pelvis and lower limbs)
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24
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

When stimulated by a nerve impulse, the myosin (thick filaments) pull on the actin (thin filaments) causing them to slide past each other pulling the ends of the sarcomere closer together.

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25
Q

Resistance training progressions list 4 different components

A
  • Reps (decrease)
  • Sets (increase)
  • Stability (add bosu for an unstable surface)
  • Sensory perception (close eyes)
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26
Q

Upright versus equilibrium

A
  • Uprightedness is on unstable surface
  • Equilibrium is on even surface
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27
Q

Structure (layers) of muscle fascia

A

Muscle Fascia

  • Epimysium
  • Perimysium
  • Endomysium
  • Sacrolemma
  • Myofibril
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28
Q

Lungs: What is diffusion and where does it happen?

A

Diffusion is the methodology of how the blood picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide.

This occurs in the alveoli of the lungs

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29
Q

Difference between Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • Central Nervous System is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
  • Peripheral Nervous System is part of the nervous system that lies outside the brain and spinal cord and is made up of nerves that connect the extremities to the brain.
30
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A
  • Gliding - Minimal movement in one plane, with rotation (wrists, ankles)
  • Pivot - Allows rotation along a long axis (radius and ulna, allowing pronation and supination of the forearm
  • Hinge - Allows movement in 1 direction/plane (Elbow and knee, allowing flexion and extension)
  • Condyloid - Allows movement in 2 directions/planes (knuckles in each finger/wrist and ankles)
  • Saddle - Allows movement in several directions (thumb)
  • Ball and socket - Allows movement in 3 directions/planes (shoulder and hip joints – circumduction or large ranges of motion
31
Q

Periodization

A
  • Macrocycle - big picture (several months/years)
  • Mesocycle - one to several months
  • Microcycle - one to seeral weeks
32
Q

What is progressive overload

A

The concept that clients must challenge fitness in order to improve over time.

If the intensity, duration, or complexity of your client’s fitness training is not progressively modified throughout the program, the client will eventually plateau, or cease to make improvements.

33
Q

Anatomy of the spine

A
  • Cervical 7 vertebrae
  • Thoracic 12 vertebrae
  • Lumbar 5 vertebrae
  • Sacrum 5 vertebrae
  • Coccyx 4 vertebrae
34
Q

What is dorsiflexion and plantarflexion?

A
  • Movements that occur at the ankle joints
  • Dorsiflexion is flexing the foot upward so that toes point toward the head
  • Plantarflexion is flexing the foot so that toes point downward (press on gas pedal)
35
Q

What is the best predictor of a person’s likelihood to participate in an exercise program?

A

Previous experience

Get them out of what they know and into what they don’t know.

36
Q

SMART example short term

A
  • S Decrease waist size (confidence as a coincidental goal)
  • M Measure with a tape (in cm)
  • A Meet with me 3 X per week
  • R 1 cm loss per week
  • T 4 weeks
37
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

4 fused (or semi-fused) joints in the spine

38
Q

What is a spiral line?

A

Controls and maintains the body’s balance on all planes

39
Q

Superficial Backline Functional Relevance

A

Maintain posture

Forward bending movements

40
Q

What is inversion and eversion of the foot?

A
  • Occurs at ankle joint
  • Inversion - feet are tuned inside up.
  • Eversion - feet are turned outside up
41
Q

If both Girth and Skinfold measurement increase, what does that mean?

A

Increased fat.

42
Q

What are the 4 Primary components of fitness?

A
  • Cardiorespiratory Capacity
  • Muscular Capacity
  • Flexibilty
  • Body Composition
43
Q

Squat progression and regression

A

Squat

  • Easy: Leg press
  • Normal: Squat
  • Hard: Jump squat (or single-leg squat)
44
Q

Function of Slow-Twitch muscle fiber

A
  • Works during moderate and long-duration exercise.
  • Contains high amounts of fibers (mitocondria)
  • Flexes slowly
  • Work aerobically
45
Q

What are the muscles of the Rotator Cuff (SITS)

A
  • Supraspinitus
  • Infraspinitus
  • Teres minor
  • Subscapularis

** All live on the shoulder blade

46
Q

What is fascia?

A

Connective tissue that wraps around and between muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

Properly functional fascia system may avoid injury better.

47
Q

Spiral Line Functional Relevance

A

Helps the body maintain balance on all planes

48
Q

What is deep front line functional relevance?

A

Maintains core alignment and stability. Connects core stabilization to breath.

49
Q

SMART example long term

A
  • S Decrease in waist size (confidence increase as coincidental goal)
  • M Measure using a scale
  • A Meet with me 3 X per week
  • R 26 lbs long-term
  • T 6 months
50
Q

If skinfold decreases but girth increases, what does that mean?

A

Muscle gain with fat loss

51
Q

what is the sacrum?

A

5 fused joints in the spine

52
Q

How is the scapula attached to the body?

A

NOT by joint

but by ligament

53
Q

What is Reserve Heartrate calculation method (HRR)?

A

Max heart rate calculation which takes into account resting heart rate. Calculates the number of beats client can safely increase HR during exercise

54
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

The molecule the body uses as its energy currency.

55
Q

What is precontemplation stage

A

Increased awareness of an opportunity but not thinking seriously about it yet. Might seek out general information.

56
Q

Injury

A

Two types:

  • Acute (accident)
  • Chronic (overuse)

PRICE for ALL INJURIES

  • Professional (seek one)
  • Rest
  • Ice
  • Compress
  • Elevate

*** And obviously STOP ALL EXERCISE NOW

57
Q

List 2 ways to increase flexibility intensity

A
  • Speed - creates dynamic flexibility
  • Stability - improves awareness of balance while using flexibility
58
Q

Movements of the Hip and Gluteus Maximus

A
  • Origin: Pelvis (Sacrum and illiac crest)
  • Insertion: Upper femur
  • Function: Hip extension
59
Q

Movements of the Knee Gastrocnemius

A
  • Origin: Base of femur
  • Insertion: Heel (Achiles Tendon)
  • Function: Knee Flexion
60
Q

What does illium mean?

A

Wings (iliac crest is the top crest of the wing of the ilium)

61
Q

Movements of the shoulder: Latissimus dorsi

A
  • Origin: Vertibrae T6 - S5
  • Insertion: Upper Humerus
  • Function:
    • Extension
    • Adduction
    • Internal rotation
62
Q

What percentage of muscle cells is water?

A

73%

63
Q

What is SMART goals

A

Specific

Measureable

Attainable (action)

Realistic

Time sensitive

64
Q

What are the 3 components of optimal health?

A
  • Physical Activity
  • Mindset
  • Nutritional health

*****NOT BODY COMPOSITION

65
Q

Function of Fast-Twitch muscle fiber

A
  • Hard, short-duration exercise and bursts of activity
  • Produce and use ATP quickly
  • Contracts quickly and produces great force but fatigues quickly
  • Work anaerobically
66
Q

FITT Example for Cardiorespiratory Training for a Nonexerciser (beginner)

A
  • Client type: Nonexerciser, has no habitual activity and is extremely deconditioned
  • Physical Activity Profile: Sedentary
  • Possible Program Focus:
    • Improved health profile
    • Increased energy
  • Frequency: 1-4 workouts per week
  • Intensity:
    • Up to 60% HRmax
    • RPE 0 - 3
  • Time: 10 - 30 minutes
  • Type: Simple movements / minimum challenge to balance/stability/coordination (walking, swimming, stationary cycling, basic fitness classes)
67
Q

Gliding synovial joint

A

Minimal movement in 1 direction, and rotation (bones of wrists / ankles such as carpels)

68
Q

Pivot synovial joint

A

Allows rotation along a long axis (radius and ulna, allowing pronation and supination of the forearm)

69
Q

Hinge synovial joint

A

Allows movement in 1 direction/plane (elbow and knee, allowing flexion and extension)

70
Q

Condyloid synovial joint

A

Allows movement in 2 directions/planes (knuckles in each finger/wrist and ankles)

71
Q

Saddle synovial joint

A

Allows movement in several directions (thumb)

72
Q

Ball and Socket synovial joints

A

Allows movement in 3 directions/planes (shoulder and hip joints – circumduction or large ranges of motion

PT Exam Answer Focus (1 decks)

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