PT Exam and Assessment of the Cardiac System Flashcards
what is a part of the medical chart review?
exam, eval, diagnosis, prognosis, and intervention
what is involved in the exam?
pt hx, systems review, tests and measures
what is involved in the eval?
eval of data to make a clinical judgement
what is the point of the diagnosis?
to classify a pt within a specific practice pattern and indicates the primary dysfunctions
what is the point of the prognosis?
to determine the predicted level of optimal functioning
what are the classic cardiac signs?
chest pain, tightness, pressure, SOB, palpitations, indigestion (esp in females), burning sensation
what are the 3 cardinal signs of HF?
SOB, weight gain, edema bc of accumulation of fluid
what are risk factors for heart disease?
HTN, smoking, elevated cholesterol, family hx of early heart disease, stress, sedentary lifestyle, older age, obesity, and DM
what age is considered early heart disease for females?
younger than 65
what age is considered early heart disease for males?
younger than 55
what is relevant social hx specific to cardiac disease?
excessive alcohol, cigarette smoking, illicit drug use
what cardiac issues does excessive alcohol consumption put you at risk for?
cardiomyopathy
what cardiac issues does cigarette smoking put you at risk for?
heart disease
what cardiac issues does illicit drug use put you at risk for?
coronary artery spasms, MI, and severe arrythmias
what info does electrocardiograms and serial monitoring give us?
the state of the heart muscle and rhythm
t/f: electrocardiograms and serial monitoring predicts the future and can give us info on the coronary anatomy
false
what are the causes of sinus bradycardia?
well-trained athletes, B-blockers
what are the implications for sinus bradycardia?
if pathology exists, it can cause inadequate cardiac output (CO)
sinus bradycardia will have long ____ _____
RR intervals
what is the definition of cardiac output (CO)?
volume of blood ejected out of the LV in a minute
what is the calculation for CO?
SV x HR = CO
what is the average CO at rest for adequate tissue perfusion?
4-6 L/minute
with exercise, should CO, HR, and SV increase or decrease?
increased
what are the signs of inadequate CO?
syncope, dizziness, angina, and diaphoresis (excessive sweating)
what are the causes of sinus tachycardia?
exercise (non pathological), anxiety, hypovolemia, anemia, fever, infection, meds, low CO, caffeine (non pathological)
what are the implications for sinus tachycardia?
typically asymptomatic unless extremely high HR
concerned at or close to max HR
does sinus tachycardia or bradycardia have a smaller RR interval?
sinus tachycardia
does sinus tachycardia or bradycardia have a larger RR interval?
sinus bradycardia
why are we concerned with sinus tachycardia that is at max HR?
bc they may not be able to meet CO needs
what are the implications of a sinus pause?
frequent decrease in CO
what is a sinus pause?
normal sinus rhythm that suddenly has a very long RR interval and then back to normal
1-2 minutes of sinus pause is not going to affect a pt, but the concern is when?
when having multiple in a minute or multiple spaced closely together leading to decreased CO
what are the causes of premature ventricular contraction (PVC)?
caffeine, nicotine, stress, over-exertion, electrolyte imbalances, ischemia, CHF, acute infarction, irritation of the myocardium, chronic lung disease, PE, some meds
what are the symptoms of PVCs?
typically asymptomatic if infrequent
what are the characteristics of PVCs?
inverted or abnormal QRS complex and no p wave
1-2 PVCs is not a concern, when is there concern?
when there are 6 or more PVCs than the pt’s baseline PVCs
PVCs are serious or life-threatening when…
paired together
multifocal
more than 6 from their baseline
landing on t waves
present in triplets (ventricular tachycardia)
what are multifocal PVCs?
PVCs coming from multiple areas of the ventricle causing more myocardial damage
how do we know PVCs are multifocal?
bc the QRS complexes will all look different from each other
what is ventricular tachycardia?
3 or more PVCs in a row
MEDICAL EMERGENCY
what rhythms are a medical emergency?
ventricular tachycardia
ventricular fibrillation
asystole
ventricular tachycardia left untreated can lead to what?
v-fib
what is ventricular fibrillation?
random rhythms on the EKG due to quivering of the ventricles
when someone’s EKG shows us they are in v-fib, but they are talking to us, what should we do?
check the lead placement bc they may just be off bc most pts in v-fib will already be in syncope and no able to communicate
what is atrial flutter?
classic sawtooth appearance bw R waves
what are the implications of atrial flutter?
typically safe if HR is less than 100 bpm
can decrease CO at high HR
t/f: an increase in HR with atrial flutter can decrease CO
true
what can atrial flutter lead to?
a-fib
what are the implications of atrial fibrillation?
20% decrease in CO
controlled AFib needs to be monitored with exercise
uncontrolled AFib needs a lot of caution
what is controlled AFib?
<100 bpm
what is uncontrolled Afib?
> 100 bpm
what is atrial fibrillation?
multiple dif p waves w jagged uneven appearance from multiple areas of the atria contracting a different times
t/f: a fib may be controlled at rest and uncontrolled with activity
true
how do we deal with controlled a fib at rest that becomes uncontrolled with activity?
start with minimal activity and work up as the are able to tolerate without symptoms of uncontrolled a fib
what is the main measure of CO that we use as PTs?
BP
if HR is high and BP is stable, is CO able to keep up with increased HR?
yes
if HR is high and BP is decreased, is CO able to keep up with increased HR?
no
what is the HR of rapid ventricular response (RVR)?
> 120 bpm
what is premature atrial contraction (PAC)?
ectopic atrial foci outside of the SA node causing early atrial defibrillation
what would PAC look like on EKG?
early p wave appears different to other p waves and may be hidden in the t wave
may be followed by a pause
t/f: one PAC alone isn’t enough to change CO in a minute, but with multiple we may see effects on CO
true
what is another name for atrial tachycardia?
supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)
what is atrial tachycardia (SVT)?
3 or more PACs in a row
HR>100bpm
t/f: atrial tachycardia (SVT) can decrease CO at high HR
true
when would normal sinus rhythm with artifact often be seen?
when a pt is using an electrical toothbrush
what EKG patterns would be a contraindication to exercise?
sustained ventricular tachycardia
2nd/3rd degree heart block
new onset SVT, a fib, or a flutter
new onset tachycardia or bradycardia with hemodynamic compromise
what EKG patterns would be relative contraindications for exercise?
new onset tachycardia or bradycardia w/o hemodynamic compromise
what EKG patterns would be precautions for exercise?
many rhythms have the potential to reduce CO or to progress to more serious rhythms so closely monitor s/s, progress activity slowly, and if the pt is on continuous EKG monitoring stop activity with any new arrythmia
what are radiological studies?
chest radiographs, CT scans, MRIs, and scintigraphy
what does a CTA (CT angiogram) look for?
blood flow, esp PEs
t/f; we can treat crackles heard on auscultation the same whether it is caused by pulmonary issues or mucus
false, we would do airway clearance techniques with mucus, but these would not work for pulmonary edema
what is an echocardiogram?
US of the heart in real time
what are the two types of echocardiograms?
TEE (transesophageal) and TTE (transthoracic)
what is the difference bw TEE and TTE?
TTE is less invasive and can be done at the bedside
TEE requires sedation but give more clear images
what can echocardiograms show us?
valve dysfxn, chamber sizes, muscle wall thickness, ejection fraction
if the inferior vena cava is dilated, this could indicate ___ sided dysfxn
right
what could cause a dilated inferior vena cava?
regurgitation
blood not adequately getting pumped from the R side of the heart
RV not working
increased resistance through the lungs
what info can we get from cardiac catheterization?
the anatomy of the coronary arteries
dynamic assessment of cardiac muscle
heart and valve damage
ARTERIES!!!!!
where does a L cardiac catheter go through?
brachial or femoral artery –> aorta–> L heart
where does a R cardiac catheter go through?
basilic or femoral vein–>vena cava–> R heart
what are the implications of mitral valve stenosis?
decreased CO (not getting full amount of blood to the ventricles)
backup into the lungs
pulmonary HTN and edema
R sided HF
what are the implications of systemic HTN?
LV hypertrophy from working harder to pump blood into the aorta against increased peripheral pressure
L sided dysfxn
increased pressure gradient gains the aortic valve can cause dysnfxn (stenosis or regurgitation)
what data can be gained from cardiac cath?
CO, shunt detection, coronary angiography, L and R pressures, pulmonary artery pressure, ventricular ejection fraction
what are the two part of the cardiac cath?
the camera and the pressure sensor
what does the camera of the cardiac cath show us?
visualize how the heart is working and contracting, see the valves, and see the ARTERIES
what is the main benefit of using cardiac cath?
visualization of the arteries !!!
what dx can be made from cardiac cath?
presence and severity of coronary artery disease!!!!!
presence of LV dysfxn
presence and severity of valvular heart disease
presence of pericardial disease
what valvular heart diseases can be picked up on a cardiac cath?
aortic valve stenosis or regurgitation
mitral valve stenosis, regurgitation, or prolapse
tricuspid valve dysfxn
pulmonary valve dysfxn
what procedures can be done during a cardiac catheterization?
cardiac biopsy
percutaneous coronary intervention (balloon angioplasty, stent implantation, thrombectomy, arthrectomy)
what are the 2 values for myocardial damage?
CKMB and troponins
lab monitoring for myocardial damage must be in a series of ____
2-3
can CKMB or troponins be elevated with any form of damage to the muscle tissues?
CKMB
what is the gold standard lab value for myocardial damage?
troponins
is CKMB or troponins more specific to myocardial damage?
troponins
what is the range for CKMB?
<5% of total CK
when is the onset of the rise of CKMB?
4-6 hours
when is the peak of CKMB?
12 hours
when does CKMB return to normal?
1-2 days
what is the range for troponin T?
<0.1
what is the range for troponin I?
<0.03
what is the range for high sensitivity cardiac troponin for women?
<14
what is the range for high sensitivity cardiac troponin for men?
<22
when is the onset of the rise of troponin T?
2-3 hours
when is the onset of the rise of troponin I?
2-3 hours
when is the peak for troponin T?
10-24 hours
when is the peak for troponin I?
10-24 hours
when does troponin T return to normal
4-7 days
when does troponin I return to normal?
10-14 days
troponin values have a decreased reliability when a pt has what disease?
renal failure
what are the causes of upward trending troponin?
myocardial injury
MI
cardiac trauma, HR, HTN, hypotension, PE, renal failure, myocarditis
what are the clinical implications of upward trending troponin?
initiate PT intervention when troponins are stable and/or down trending!!!!!
monitor for unstable status
monitor VS (RR>40, drop in HR>10, drop in SBP>10, SpO2<90%)
what is the lab test associated with HF?
BNP (brain natriuretic peptides)
t/f: BNP increases with severity of HF
true
what does BNP tell us?
the severity of HF
if BNP values are <100 PG/mL, what is the HF classification?
no HF
if BNP values are normal with SOB, is HF likely?
nope
if BNP values are bw 100-300 pg/mL, what is the HF classification?
class 1
what are the HF class 1 symptoms?
cardiac disease, no s/s, no limitations in ordinary activity
if BNP values are >300 pg/mL, what is the HF classification?
class 2
what are the HF class 2 symptoms?
mild s/s, slight limitations w/ordinary activity
if BNP values are >600 pg/mL, what is the HF classification?
class 3
what are the HF class 3 symptoms?
marked limitations bc of s/s, even less than ordinary activity
if BNP values are >900 pg/mL, what is the HF classification?
class 4
what are the class 4 HF symptoms?
severe limitations, experiencing symptoms at rest
what are the causes of upward trending BNP?
HF, MI, systemic HTN, cor pulmonale, heart transplant rejection
what are the clinical implications of upward trending BNP?
monitor for s/s of worsening HF
monitor s/s of hypotension
Borg RPE or dyspnea scale should be used
what are the s/s of worsening HF?
exercise intolerance
s3 heart sound
pulmonary crackles
change in heart rhythm
what is measured in a basic electrolyte/metabolic panal (BMP)?
sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, phosphate, magnesium
what 3 electrolytes cause altered excitability of neurons, cardiac tissue, and skeletal muscle?
sodium, potassium, and calcium
what does high sodium cause?
tachycardia, hypotension
what does low sodium cause?
OH
what are the normal values for sodium?
136-145
what are the critical values for sodium?
<120, >160
what are the causes of high sodium?
hypovolemia, sodium overload, endocrine disorder
what is the presentation with high sodium?
thirst, confusion, irritability, hyperreflexia, seizure, coma, tachycardia, hypotension, oliguria
what are the causes of low sodium?
hyper/hypovolemia, severe GI loss, dehydration, diuretics, renal/hepatic disease, GI disorders, hypotonic IV administration
what is the presentation of low sodium?
headache, lethargy, hyporeflexia, seizure, coma, OH, pitting edema, confusion, weakness, nausea
what electrolyte are we most concerned about?
potassium
which electrolyte has the highest potential for adverse cardiac event and why?
potassium bc just a small concentration change can lead to large effects on cardiac stability
what results from high or low potassium?
arryhthmias, acute cardiac event
what are the normal values for potassium?
3.5-5.0
what are the critical values for potassium?
<2.5, >6.5 (don’t even let it get it this point)
t/f: potassium instability should be monitored on continuous EKG
true
t/f: changes in potassium can lead to decrease activity tolerance
true
what causes an increase in potassium (hyperkalemia)?
excessive K supplementation
renal failure
metabolic acidosis
diabetic acidosis
blood transfusion
what is the presentation of someone with hyperkalemia?
muscle weakness or paralysis
muscle tenderness
paresthesia
dysrhythmia
bradycardia
what are the causes of low potassium (hypokalemia)?
fluid overload, renal dysfxn, GI disorder, diuretics, alcoholism, hormonal/endocrine disorders, CF
what is the presentation of someone with hypokalemia?
extremity weakness, hyporeflexia, paresthesia, leg cramps, dysryhtmias, hypotension
what are the normal values for calcium?
9-10.5
what are the critical values for calcium?
<6, >13
what does calcium affect?
muscle contractions
t/f: changes in calcium can lead to decreased exercise tolerance
true
what does increased calcium cause?
ventricular dysrythmias
what does decreased calcium cause?
dysrhythmias
what causes low calcium (hypocalcemia)?
chronic kidney disease, sepsis, malnutrition, malabsorption, pancreatitis, laxative use
what is the presentation of someone with hypocalcemia?
confusion, muscle cramps, hyperreflexia, dysrhythmias, paresthesia, agitation, seizure, fatigue
what causes high calcium (hypercalcemia)?
excessive release of calcium into the blood, dehydration, endocrine/hormonal disorders, GI disorders, excessive vitamin D, supplement/antacids, cancer, immobilization
what is the presentation of someone with hypercalcemia?
hyporeflexia, muscles weakness, ventricular dysrhythmia, lethargy, constipation, nausea/vomiting, bone pain
what results from high magnesium?
bradycardia, dysrhythmia, hypotension
what results from low magnesium?
dysrhythmias
what are the normal values for magnesium?
1.3-2.1
what are the critical values for magnesium?
<.5, >5
t/f: changes in magnesium can lead to decreased exercise tolerance
true
what are the causes of high magnesium?
renal failure, oliguria, increased magnesium intake, endocrine disorder, diabetic ketoacidosis
what is the presentation of someone with high magnesium?
nausea/vomiting, hyporeflexia, hypotonia, somnelence, bradycardia, dysrhythmia, hypotension, respiratory depression
what are the causes of low magnesium?
malnutrition, malabsorption, tremors, chronic alcohol use, diuretics, chronic renal disease, diabetic acidosis
what is the presentation of someone with low magnesium?
hypertonia, hyperreflexia, tremors, muscle cramping, seizures, apathy, nystagmus, dysrhythmias
what do we want to know about a pt’s surgical hx?
how long ago it was
how long do we use precautions with pacemaker placement?
about 3 weeks
how long do we use precautions with surgeries?
4-12 weeks
if chest pain is reproducible with palpation, is it more likely cardiac or noncardiac cause?
non cardiac cause
if chest pain is not reproducible with palpation, is it more likely cardiac or noncardiac cause?
cardiac cause
if chest pain is associated with activity level, is it more likely cardiac or noncardiac cause?
cardiac cause
if chest pain is not associated with activity level, is it more likely cardiac or noncardiac cause?
non cardiac cause
if chest pain is associated with other s/s like a sense of doom, cold sweats, and SOB, is it more likely cardiac or noncardiac cause?
cardiac cause
what is compensated HF?
the absence of S/S of vascular congestion and not showing outward signs of HF
stability
what is stability in HF?
probability of remaining in a compensated state
when HF pts can exert themselves w/appropriate VS response and can return to baseline in a reasonable time, are they compensated or decompensated?
compensated
what are the s/s of decompensated HF?
new/worsening dyspnea
new/worsening fatigue
new/worsening edema (pulmonary or peripheral)
weight gain
chest pain
t/f: pts with decompensated HF need medical attention
true
what are the 3 components of the physical exam of all pts with HF?
heart auscultation for S3 heart sounds (lub-da-dub)
crackles on lung auscultation
JVD
if a pt has a weight gain of 3 or more pounds in 2 days, increased cough, increased swelling, increased SOB with activity, increased # of pillows needed, or anything else unusual that bothers you, what may this indicate?
need for an adjustment in meds, and communication with the physician
if a HF pt has unrelieved SOB at rest, unrelieved chest pain, wheezing or chest tightness at rest, need to sit in a chair to sleep, weight gain or lose of more than 5 pounds in 2 days, or confusion, what may this indicate?
overt decompensation, immediate ED visit or call to physicians office
what is involved in the physical examination of pts w HF?
inspection for JVD
palpation for edema
girth measurements
heart and lung auscultation
how do we inspect for JVD?
with the pt in recumbent position with HOB at 45 deg, chin tucked and turned towards the opposite side, see if the vein becomes above the level of the clavicles
what a (+) test for JVD?
vein distends above the level of the clavicles
what does a (+) JVD indicate?
increased venous volume and may indicate R HF
does JVD indicate R or L HF?
R HF
where is pitting edema typically found?
and the ankles and pre-tibial areas
describe edema associated with CHF
pitting and BL
what does edema indicate?
fluid retention
what things may cause fluid retention in edema?
cardiac pump dysnfxn, liver dysfxn, kidney dysfxn, malnutrition
what is the palpation technique for edema?
apply firm pressure for 10-20 sec
time how long it takes the skin to rebound to it’s og shape
what are possible locations for edema?
feet, lower legs, thighs, abdomen
if edema palpation shows barely perceptible depression, what is the score?
1+
if edema palpation shows easily identified compression and rebounds in <15 seconds, what is the score?
2+
if edema palpation shows easily identified compression and rebounds in 15-30 seconds, what is the score?
3+
if edema palpation shows easily identified compression and rebounds in >30 seconds, what is the score?
4+
what is edema girth measurements used for?
monitoring of exacerbation of condition and success of intervention
what is the technique for girth measurements of edema?
take circumferential measurements around the affected limb using a tape measure starting 5 cm from the floor and continue proximally in 5 cm increments
if girth measurements start decreasing, what can this indicate?
improving heart condition
why don’t we want to use wraps, massage, etc for edema in pts with HF?
bc it will just push fluid back into the vascular system that already cant handle the fluid inside it
what are the rules of auscultation?
it can’t be done over clothes
make sure you are using the correct side of the stethoscope
try not to knock the tubing
do we use the diaphragm or the bell of the stethoscope for heart auscultation?
both
what are the 4 topographic areas for heart auscultation?
at the aortic and pulmonary areas (at the 2nd intercostal space R and L respectively)
tricuspid area (4th intercostal space)
mitral area (5th intercostal space)
what should we note with heart auscultation?
the intensity, timing, a presence of any splitting, extra sounds, or murmurs
what is “normal heart sounds”?
“lub-dub”
S1
S2
what is S1 heart sound?
normal heart sound
“lub”
closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
what is S2 heart sound?
normal heart sound
“dub”
closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
what are abnormal heart sounds?
S3
S4
heart murmurs
what is S3 heart sound?
“lub-da-dub”
occurs immediately following S2 (early diastole)
what heart sound is a key sign of CHF?
S3 heart sound
what is S4 heart sound?
“La-lub-dub”
just b4 S1 (late diastole)
what heart sound is associated with atrial contraction?
S4
how are heart murmurs classified?
by timing, quality, intensity, pitch, location, and radiation
what are the 3 classifications of heart murmurs?
(1) murmurs caused by high rates of flow through normal or abnormal valves
(2) murmurs caused by forward flow through constricted (stenotic) or deformed valves or by backwards flow through a valve (regurgitation)
(3) murmurs caused by backwards flow through a valve (regurgitation)
what is pericardial friction rub?
abnormal “creak” sound associated with each heartbeat that indicated pericarditis
what does pericardial friction rub indicate?
pericarditis
what is the location to auscultate S1 heart sounds?
tricuspid area
mitral area
what is the location to auscultate S2 heart sounds?
aortic area
pulmonary area
what is the location to auscultate S3 heart sounds?
mitral area (with pt laying in 45 degrees forward L S/L)
what is the location to auscultate S4 heart sounds?
mitral area
is S1 best heard with the bell or diaphragm of the stethoscope?
diaphragm
is S2 best heard with the bell or diaphragm of the stethoscope?
diaphragm
is S3 best heard with the bell or diaphragm of the stethoscope?
bell
is S4 best heard with the bell or diaphragm of the stethoscope?
bell
what is the corresponding event for S1?
onset of ventricular systole
what is the corresponding event for S2?
onset of ventricular diastole
what is the corresponding event for S3?
early diastole
what is the corresponding event for S4?
late diastole (immediately prior to S1)
what is involved in the activity evaluation?
assessment of vitals at rest, sitting, standing, ADLs, ambulation, and stairs
what vital signs are involved in the activity evaluation?
HR, heart rhythm, BP, O2, RR, RPE, and dyspnea
how is HR measured?
by palpation, ECG, or pulse ox
t/f: pulse ox readings of HR are not always accurate in the case of irregular heart rhythms, darker skin, and nail polish
true
what is a normal HR response to increased work?
a gradual rise w/an increase in workload
what is a normal HR response to endurance activity?
after initial rise, steady state
when would we see a blunted HR response?
in highly trained athletes and in PT on HR/rhythm control meds
what is an abnormal HR response to increased work?
rapid rise
blunted rise
decrease rate (not usually true decrease in rate, but rather rhythm)
what is an abnormal HR response to endurance activity?
progressive increase
significant drop
what is a rapid rise in HR with activity a sign of?
severe deconditioning
CV condition with limited SV
what is a flat rise in HR without rhythm control meds in response to activity a sign of?
CV condition
is a decreased HR by palpated pulse more likely a true decrease in rate or a change in rhythm?
a change in rhythm
how do we measure heart rhythm?
by palpation or ECG
what is the only way to dx a heart rhythm abnormality?
with ECG
what is a normal heart rhythm response to increased work?
the rhythm remains regular with activity
OR
if irregular at rest, there is no change in irregularity
what is an abnormal heart rhythm response to increased work?
a change from regular to irregular
an increase in frequency of irregular rhythm
a change from one type of irregularity to another
how is BP measured?
with a-line (invasive in the ICU), automatic cuff, manual cuff
what is a normal SBP response to increased work?
gradual rise with increased workload
what is a normal SBP response to endurance activity?
after initial rise, maintains steady state
what is considered hypertensive SBP?
a rise of >8-12 mmHg/MET of activity
what is hypertensive SBP a sign of?
increased vascular resistance
what is considered hypotensive SBP?
normal SBP rise with submaximal exercise then a sudden and progressive drop with increased workload
what is considered blunted BP response?
a small increase with low exertion and failure to rise further with increased work
what is hypotensive SBP response a sign of?
coronary disease
what is blunted SBP response a sign of?
failure of CO (cardiac output)
what are abnormal SBP responses to increased work?
rapid rise
blunted rise (if not on beta blockers)
decreased with increased workload
what is considered abnormal SBP response to endurance activity?
progressive rise
decrease and symptomatic with decrease
what is considered a normal BP response to activity (SBP and DBP)?
gradual increase in SBP with increased workload
no more than 10 mmHg change in DBP with increased workload
what is an abnormal DBP response to increased work?
more than 10 mmHg rise or fall
what is considered an abnormal DBP response during the recovery phase?
sustained elevation
how do we measure peripheral oxygenation?
pulse ox
what does a pulse ox assess about O2?
the O2 saturation of hemoglobin (98-100%)
pts with ____ or _____ often desaturate with activity
chronic pulmonary dysfxn, CHF
exercise shouldn’t be continued if O2 sat drops below ___%
88
how do we measure exertion?
Borg RPE scale (of or revised)
what scale is widely used to monitor activity and exercise intensity?
RPE
what is RPE a measure of?
perceived workload
t/f: RPE is useful to monitor in pts with a blunted HR response
true
the og Borg scale is from __ to __
6-20
the revised Borg scale is from __ to __
1-10
the og Borg scale is preferred in what pts?
cardiac pts
why is the og Borg scale preferred in cardiac pts?
bc it can tell us where their HR should be without meds (add a zero to whatever number they score)
the revised Borg scale is preferred in what pts?
pulmonary pts
which RPE is easier for people to understand, the og or the revised?
the revised Borg scale
