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Pt boards Flashcards

1
Q

which is the only heat modality okay to use for an acute injury?

A

PULSED ultrasound

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2
Q

What is considered Acute injury

A

up to 72 hours

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3
Q

when is an injury considered subacute

A

when swelling is limited but debris and discoloration prevents healing
What is considered an chronic injury

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4
Q

What are contraindications to ALL modalities

A
  • Hemorrhage
  • Infection
  • Malignancy (except TENS)
    HIM
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5
Q

what is the only modality that can be used with a malignancy

A

TENS

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6
Q

what are some contraindications to ALL heating modalities

A
  • Diabetes Mellitus
  • Encapsulated swelling
  • Active TB
  • Decrease thermal sensations
  • Edema
  • Abdomen or low back during pregnancy
  • Acute conditions
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7
Q

what are some contraindications to ALL electrical

A
  • Brain
  • Eyes
  • Heart
  • Carotid Sinuses
  • Pacemaker
  • Anestheis (expect High Voltage)
  • Pregnancy - low back ( except TENS
  • Open wounds
    pretty much anything that has a synapse or a rhythm
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8
Q

What is the gold standard treatment for acute conditions

A 
PRICES 
protect 
Rest 
Ice
Compression
Elevate 
Support
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9
Q

When treating a muscle issue, what type of frequency modality would one use?

A

High (heating) Heat = muscle

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10
Q

when treating deep tissue which frequency modality would one use

A

Medium

Medium is used for Depth

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11
Q

which frequency is used for muscle contraction type of therapy

A

Low frequency = contraction

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12
Q

which modality is used for cellular healing

A

Ultra low

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13
Q

how many hertz is used for ultra low frequency

A

<1

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14
Q

how many hertz are used for Low Frequency

A

1-150

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15
Q

how many hertz are used for medium frequency

A

1,000-10,000

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16
Q

how many hertz are used for high frequency

A

1 Million

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17
Q

Which modalities are used for superficial heat

A

infrared

Ultra violet

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18
Q

which modalities are used for Deep heat

A

Diathermy

Ultrasound

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19
Q

what type of current is AC

A

Biphasic

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20
Q

what typeof current is DC

A

Monophonic

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21
Q

which types are AC current

A

Sine
Faraday
Inferential

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22
Q

which types are DC current

A

Galvanic

High Volt

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23
Q

Which pulsatile wave forms is symmetrical and is known to be the best contractor

A

SINE

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24
Q

which Palasatile wave forms is considered to be asymmetrical

A

Faraday

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25
Q

Which Pulsatile wave forms is a combination of two sine waves

A

inferential

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26
Q

which pulsatile wave forms is a make and break pattern

A

Galvanic

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27
Q

which Pulsatile wave form is a twin pulsed peak pattern

A

High Volt

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28
Q

In regards to electrical current modalities, the higher the frequency , the ____ penetration

A

deeper

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29
Q

in regards to electrical current modalities, medium frequency leads to ________

A

decreased skin impedance

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30
Q

in regards to ultrasound , the _____ the frequency , the ____ the penetration

A

lower
deeper
( opposite from electrical therapy)

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31
Q

to isolate a muscle ____ pad is needed

A

only 1

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32
Q

when a muscle is weak ____ pads are need

A

2 pads on either side of muscle belly

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33
Q

what is the pad rule

A

1 Ma per square inch of pad size ( 3 square inch pad= 9mA)

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34
Q

what are the 3 different types of treatment procedures with pads

A
  1. Monopolar
  2. Bipolar
  3. Quadripolar
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35
Q

with monopolar, there is a ___ pad that is large and ___ pad that is mall

A

Dispersal

Active

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36
Q

Bipolar treatment pads are used for ___ muscle groups and are ___ size

A

small

equal

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37
Q

______ treatment pads are crisscross pattern and are used for Russian Stim or interferential

A

Quadripolar

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38
Q

when using the monopolar pads and if the patient feels a tingling sensation on the dispersal pad … what do you think the problem is ?

A

either the dispersal pad is too small or the active pad sites are too large

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39
Q

when using electrical stem for the muscles what is duty cycle and why is it important

A

its the ratio between the amount of stimulation and rest period …. depending on what you are trying to treat, the duty cycle will change

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40
Q

when using Electrical muscle stimulation … what type of pattern is used when pain is the factor?

A

Continuous pattern is used for pain

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41
Q

when a muscle is weak due to injury or post surgery, what type of muscle stimulation pattern would you use and what would the duty cycle be

A
  • use a surge pattern

- duty cycle 1:3 ( need more rest for a weaker muscle)

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42
Q

when a muscle is in spasm like torticollis , what type of electrical muscle stimulation pattern would you use and what would the duty cycle be?

A
  • Pulsed/tetanizing pattern

- 1:1 duty cycle ( the goal is to fatigue the muscle to get the spasm to relax)

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43
Q

In regards to electrical stimulation therapy, is mA is increase (amps) _____ would increase

A

muscle contraction

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44
Q

what do you have to consider and be careful when using electrical stimulation

A
  • don’t burn the patient

amps= burns people

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45
Q

Name the 4 type of electrical studies

A
  1. Strength duration curve
  2. Reaction of degeneration
  3. EMG
  4. NCV
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46
Q

out of the 4 type of electrical studies what are 2 that you may use in practice?

A 
EMG= used to test muscle 
NCV= used to test the nerves
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47
Q

Name this law

energy of modality has to be absorbed by the body to stimulate physiological response

A

Arndt- Shcultz Principle

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48
Q

Name this law

inverse relationship between penetration and absorption of energy (ultrasound)

A

Law of Grothus- Draper

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49
Q

In regards to icing an injured area, why is so important not leave in on greater than 20 minutes

A

This leads into a pumping rx (AKA Hunting-Lewis reaction) …. this will cause the body to vasodilate and to vasoconstrict

50
Q

what does the acronym CBAN stand for when icing

A 
cold 
burn 
ache 
numb
this relates to the stages of icing... first 5 min is cold then next 5 is burn ... then another 5 is ache and the last 5 is numb
51
Q

True or false
convection is the transfer of heat through a substance often heating up a solid ..modalities include : Hydrocollater, paraffin bath, ice and infrared

A

FALSE

this is called conduction

52
Q

_______ is the transmission of heat and liquids by circulation of heat particles

A

Convection

53
Q

what are some modalities used with convection

A

hot or cold baths, infrared

54
Q

Transmission of heat without intervening medium getting warm is know as ______

A

Radiation

55
Q

what are some radiation modalities

A

LAMPS: UV, Infrared, Medium wave Diathermy

56
Q

_____ of electrical energy into heat or mechanical energy

A

Conversion

57
Q

what is the only modality that uses conversion

A

Ultrasound

58
Q

True or False

the ideal temperature for using heat baths such as hot tubs is from 105-115

A

FALSE
will burn the patient
ideal temp is from 96-104

59
Q

Cold therapy will increase of decrease the viscosity of connective tissue

A

increase

60
Q

ice therapy will increase or decrease metabolism

A

decrease

61
Q

True or false

ice therapy will decrease a muscle spasm such as torticollis

A

false
heat will have that affect
ice will decrease trigger points

62
Q

what are some results with infrared therapy

A 
vasodilation
perspire 
decreased BP 
increased blood and lymph flow 
decreased spasm 
phagocytosis 
Erythema - redness / mottled skin
63
Q

what could be a bad result from infrared therapy

A

Erythema Ab igne - mottled skin in area habitually exposed or one prolonged exposure

64
Q

what are the indications for infrared therapy

A
  • Musculoskeletal - any type of it is
    Catarrhal - bronchitis, sinusitis, laryngitis
    Infectious- furnace, burns , ulcers
    other- folliculitis, conjunctivitis, neuritis , Bell’s Palsy , Ranaud’s
65
Q

what are some contraindications to infrared therapy

A 
to heat: 
pregnancy 
diabetes mellitus
thermal sensitivity 
active TB 
encapsulated swelling 
over metal 
fair skin 
contacts 
fever 
recent scar 
skin rash
66
Q

what is the difference between short wave and long wave infrared therapy

A

short wave= lamps

long wave= baths or hyrocollator heat pads

67
Q

what are some indications for a hydrocollator

A

tension headaches
prior to adjustments
- fibromyalgia
spasm

68
Q

what are some contraindications to a hydrocollator

A 
acute conditions 
recent scars 
fair skin 
myofascial syndrome 
trigger points 
decrease circulation
69
Q

What is the time limit for a Sitz bath

A

2- 10 minutes

70
Q

what are some indications for a Sitz bath

A 
hemorrhoids 
cystitis
dysmenorrhea 
coccydynia 
prostatitis 
post - pardum distress
constipation 
urinary retention 
sciatica
71
Q

what are some contraindications for a Sitz bath

A

infertility on the balls

72
Q 
what type of infrared therapy would be ideal for someone who had the following conditions ; 
chronic arthritis 
amputee
strains 
increase ROM 
dystonia 
open wounds
A

Dry whirlpool aka fluidotherapy

73
Q

what is the paraffin: mineral oil ratio for paraffin bath

A

7:1

74
Q

Paraffin uses ______

A

conduction

75
Q

Cold laser therapy AKAs

A

low laser

soft laser

76
Q

When using cold laser the patient and the doctor have to consider what safety precautions

A
  • both need to wear glasses to cover eyes
77
Q

what is cold laser therapy’s actions

A

photo modulation and intracellular stimulation of mitochondrial activity

78
Q

what are the results from cold laser therapy

A

photostimulation = wound healing

photo inhibition = pain management

79
Q

what are some indications with cold laser therapy

A 
- open lesions
decubitus ulcers 
lacerations
burns 
acute and chronic pain 
bursitis 
tendinitis 
decrease ROM 
Tic Douloureux 
fibromyalgia 
trigger points
80
Q

what are some contraindications for cold laser therapy

A 
tattoos 
open growth plates 
over the eyes 
pregnant uterus 
photosensitivity 
medications 
epilepsy 
thick eschar 
testicles 
regions over infections, dry skin , malignancy , pace maker and thyroid
81
Q

what is the usual wave length of cold laser therapy

A

630-1200mm

82
Q

how long do you use cold laser for on a patient

A

3-5 minutes or until benefit is reached

83
Q

cold laser -______

A

neon helium gases

84
Q

photophoresis is what

A

chemical driven by the light into treatment area

85
Q

is you hold the laser too long on an area , what are some irreversible affects that can happen

A

protein coagulation

thermolysis and evaporation

86
Q

what is the actions for ultraviolet therapy

A

thermal and photochemical (radiant)

87
Q

what are the results from ultraviolet therapy

A
  • vasodilation
  • bactericidal
  • photo taxia
  • Erythema
  • increase vit D
  • improves skin and muscle tone, elasticity , secretory functions
  • stimulates metabolism
  • ## increases reticulocytes
88
Q

what some indications to use ultraviolet therapy

A

Skin Conditions- fungal, herpes zoster, dermatological conditions, burns, psoriasis, carbuncles wounds, decubitus ulcers

Bone Conditions- Rickets, osteomalacia

89
Q

What are some contraindications with Ultraviolet

A 
HIM 
- Hemorrhage 
- Vascular changes 
- tetracycline 
- supportive lesions 
SLE
90
Q

what is usual dose for Ultraviolet therapy

A
  • MED ( minimal erythemal dose)
91
Q

what is the max timing for ultraviolet therapy

A

3 minutes at 18 inches

92
Q

what are the 3 types of UV devices

A
  1. Hot Quartz
  2. Cold Quartz (Orficial)
  3. Wood’s Lamp
93
Q

_______ lamp is used to diagnose fungal infections

A

Wood’s

94
Q

what is the action for Diathermy therapy

A

thermal

95
Q

what are the results from Diathermy therapy

A

Increases- temp, pulse, respiration, BMR, lymph flow, elimination, nutrition, vasodilation, glandular secretions, endocrine changes

Decreases- blood pressure, nerve pain, muscle cramps, muscle spasms

96
Q

Diathermy units must be _____ feet from any other electrical modality

A

8-10

97
Q

Diathermy treatments on individuals must be ___ feet from hearing aids, fridge work

A

4

98
Q

Short wave Diathermy is a local heater

True or False

A

False

its a general heater

99
Q

Micro wave Diathermy is a ___ heater

A

local

100
Q

Short wave Diathermy will go through ___ first

A

fat

Microwave goes through muscle first

101
Q

what are the indications for diathermy

A
  • deep muscle
  • thoracic cavity
  • bronchitis
  • joints
  • PID
  • prostatitis
  • Sinitus
  • algia neuritis
    amneorhhea
  • Otitis media
102
Q

what is the difference between pulsed and continuous diathermy

A

pulse is used when message is desired without heat

103
Q

what are some bad effects if the ultrasound is used for too long

A
  • cavitation
  • sharing
  • depth
104
Q

1 mHz of ultrasound =

A

more depth and less heat

105
Q

3mHz of ultrasound =

A

Less depth and more heat

106
Q

Which Electrical muscle stimulation is low frequency and used for muscle contraction

A
  • EMS
  • High Volt
  • Low Volt
  • Sine
  • Faradic
  • Interferential
  • TENS
107
Q

What is the frequency for Cellular healing

A

Ultra low

108
Q

Which modality is used for Cellular healing

A

MENS

109
Q

What are some low volt modalities

A

galvanic
Direct current
iontophoresis

110
Q

What is the action for low volt modalities

A

Electrochemical and Electrokinetic

111
Q

What are the results from low volt therapy

A

depends not the polarity use :
for more acute stuff= Positive pole since it acts like ice
For more chronic= Negative Pole since it acts like Heat

112
Q

Positive pole Low volt therapy results in what:

A
  • vasoconstrict
  • produces acid reaction on the skin
  • Rpels alkaline
  • Attracts oxygen
  • Repels hydrogen
  • Causes ischmeia
  • Hardens tissue
  • Pain relief
  • Astringent
113
Q

Negative Pole Low Volt results in what:

A
  • Vasodilates
  • Produces alkaline reaction in skin
  • Repels acid
  • Repels oxygen
  • Attracts oxygen
  • Hyperemia
  • Softens tissue
  • Relieves chronic pain
  • increases digestion
114
Q

Wave form for Low Volt therapy

A
  • Direct current
115
Q

Indications for low volt therapy

A

any “it is, disease or injuries

also can be electrodiagnostic

116
Q

what are the contraindications for low volt therapy

A
  • sensory impairment
  • recent scar tissue
  • open wound
  • Pregnancy
  • pacemaker
117
Q

Where are the pads place for Low Volt therapy

A

DIRECTLY ON THE SKIN

118
Q

what is the intensity for Low volt therapy when used for more electrochemical (sensory issues)

A
  • 5-100 mA
119
Q

what is the intensity for Low Volt therapy when used for more Electrokinetic ( motor issues)

A

-0-5 mA

120
Q

the frequency for Low volt therapy is low which means _____

A

minimal (whimsy contractions)

121
Q

with low Volt therapy , ____% solution mixture is used

A

2%

122
Q

with High Volt therapy what type of wave form is used

A

Direct current and Twin peak pulsed

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