pt 1 Flashcards
DEFINE OSTEOBLASTS
- A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation
- Lay down new bone tissue to replace the old during remodeling
WHAT ARE FIVE MAJOR TYPES OF BONES
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- irregular bones
- Sesamoid bones
DEFINE REMODELING
The process of resorption and formation of bone
DEFINE BONES
Hard structures that provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs
WHAT ARE TWO VITAL FUNCTIONS OF BONES
- Act and perform as levers when acted on by muscles
- Provide support, which translates into posture and is necessary for the efficient distribution of forces acting on the body
What is special about the pelvic girdle in regard to axial or appendicular skeletons
It is often considered a component of either the axial or appendicular system and it’s actually a link between the two systems
What is the appendicular skeleton and how many bones does it contain
- The portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities as well as shoulders and pelvic girdles
- Contains approximately 126 bones
Define joints
They are the junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs
What is the axial skeleton, and how many bones does it contain?
- The portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
- contains approx. 80 bones
What is the central nervous system?
The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord
What is the skeletal system and how many bones does it contain?
- The bodies framework, composed of bones and joints. It provides the shape and form for our bodies in addition to supporting, protecting, allowing body movement, producing blood for the body, and storing minerals
- Composed of 206 bones. Approximately 177 are use in voluntary movement
Define kinetic
To produce motion/force
What is a kinetic chain and what is its primary purpose?
- The kinetic chain is a link system of nerves, muscles, and joints that work together to produce movements
- The kinetic chain integrate the systems to produce efficient movement
What are joint receptors, where are they located, what do they activate in order to prevent too much stress on the joint?
- They are receptors surrounding a joint that responded to pressure, acceleration, and the deceleration of the joint, and act to signal extreme joint positions in order to prevent injury
- Located in and around the joint capsule
- Can initiate a reflective inhibitory response in the surrounding muscles if there is too much stress place on that joint
What are gold golgi tendon organs (GTOs), where are they located, and what is the reaction when they are activated?
- GTOs Are receptors sensitive to change and attention of the muscle and rate of that change
- They are located where skeletal muscle fibers insert the tendons of skeletal muscle
- Activation of the Golgi tendon organ will cause the muscle to relax, which prevents the muscle from excessive stress or possibility of injury
What are muscle spindles and what do they help regulate?
- they are receptors that run parallel to muscle fibers that are sensitive to change in the length of the muscle and the rate of that change
- Help regulate the contraction of muscles via the stretch reflex mechanism (when stretching)
- The spindle sends an impulse to the brain, the brain then send info to contract muscle within 1 to 2 miliseconds to prevent over stretching and potential muscle change
What are Mechanoreceptors receptors and where are they located?
- They are sensory receptors are responsible for sensing a distortion in body tissues/respond to mechanical pressure and outside forces (Touch, pressure, stretching, sound waves, and motion) Within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves
- And they are located in muscles, tendons, ligaments, joint capsules, and include muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors
What are sensory receptors and what are the four subcategories they are divided into?
-They are specialized structures located throughout the body that converts environmental stimuli (Heat, light, sound, taste, and motion) Into sensory information that the brain and spinal cord used to produce a response
- Mechanoreceptors (touch and pressure)
- Nocleceptors (pain receptors)
- Chemoreceptors (chemical interaction/smell and taste)
- Photoreceptors (light/vision)
What are the subdivisions of the autonomic system and what are their functions?
- Sympathetic
- Increased levels of activation in preparation for activity - Parasympathetic
- Decreased levels of activation during rest and recovery
What are the subdivisions of the PNS and what are their main functions?
- Somatic nervous system
- Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle, and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement - Autonomic nervous system
- Supplies neural input into the involuntary systems of the body (Heart, digestive systems, and endocrine glands)
What is the peripheral nervous system? PNS
The PNS consist of 12 cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves (Which branch out from the brain and spinal cord) And sensory receptors that spread throughout the body
What are the two main functions of the peripheral nervous system and what is its main function
- Providing a connection for the nervous system to activate different effect or sites, such as the muscles (motor function)
- Relaying information from effect or sites back to the brain via sensory receptors (sensory function)
- Overall peripheral nerves/nervous system provide a constant update on the relation between the body and the environment
What do motor (efferent) neurons do?
Motor neurons transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites such as muscles or glands
Ex. Brain tells hand muscles to let go of a hot coffee cup
What are interneurons?
They are neurons that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
