PSYU3339 Complete Overview Flashcards
Preparation for Final Exam
What are the 6 different family types mentioned?
- Nuclear family
- Gender diverse (2 parent)
- Extended
- Single-parent
- Co-parent
- Blended
These family types highlight the diversity in family structures and their importance in child development.
4 things we acquire…
What is socialization?
What is the study?
The process by which children acquire the beliefs, motives, values, and behaviors deemed significant and appropriate by older members of their society.
Shaffer, 2005, p.347.
What does research suggest about family relationship quality?
What is the Study?
Quality of relationships has a stronger effect on child outcomes than family type.
Goldberg & Carlson, 2014.
True or False: There are significant differences in adjustment between children living with same-sex and opposite-sex families.
False
5 years later…
What did the study by Farr et al. (2017) reveal about children’s toy play?
A child’s toy play in early childhood strongly predicted their gender nonconformity five years later.
What are some challenges faced by parents of transgender children?
- Limited research
- Divergent views on impact
- Difficulty identifying transgender children
- Challenges in schools
- Parenting challenges
- Changing views on gender identity
Research on transgender parenting is evolving and highlights the complexities involved.
What are the findings of the study on transgender children’s development by Fast & Olson (2018)?
Transgender children who had socially transitioned showed no significant differences in gender preference, behavior, or beliefs compared to controls.
This suggests a normalization of gender identity among socially transitioned transgender children.
What is the role of fathers in child development according to recent research?
What is this study? Papa
Fathers play a crucial and unique role in the emotional, cognitive, and social development of their children.
Paquette et al., 2013 emphasizes the need for more focus on father involvement.
What is the Nurture Assumption proposed by Harris?
Parental behaviors have little effect on psychological characteristics that children will have as adults; peer groups are the primary environmental influence.
Harris, 1995, 1998.
Define Attachment Theory.
What is the study?
Attachment theory is concerned with the bond between children and caregivers, characterized by specific behaviors from children when separated from their caregivers.
Bowlby, 1969.
What are the four attachment styles identified by Ainsworth?
- Secure Attachment (Type B)
- Insecure Avoidant (Type A)
- Insecure Ambivalent/Resistant (Type C)
- Disorganized (fearful attachment)
Each style reflects different caregiver behaviors and child responses.
What is the Maternal Sensitivity Hypothesis?
The sensitivity a caregiver demonstrates towards a child determines the style of attachment that is developed.
This hypothesis emphasizes the importance of responsive caregiving.
What are the 3 key distinctions in Attribution Theory?
- Internal vs External Attributions
- Stable vs Unstable Attributions
- Controllable vs Uncontrollable Attributions
These distinctions affect how children interpret their successes and failures.
What are the motivational factors in Social Cognitive Theory?
- Social sanctions
- Self sanctions
- Self-efficacy beliefs
These factors influence a child’s self-regulatory processes.
What is the effectiveness of verbal punishment?
Can stop unwanted behaviors in the short term but may harm self-esteem and fail to teach alternative behaviors.
Overuse can lead to emotional distress.
What are the negative side effects of physical punishment?
- Increased aggression
- Anxiety
- Poor parent-child relationships
- Behavioral problems in the future
Physical punishment is widely discouraged in modern parenting.
Define corporal punishment.
The use of physical force with the intention of causing a child pain but not injury for correction or control.
Prohibited in many countries due to its harmful effects.
What percentage of US parents use spanking?
74% of US parents with children 17 years and younger.
This statistic highlights the prevalence of physical punishment despite its negative consequences.
What are the three different views on corporal punishment?
- Pro-corporal punishment
- Anti-corporal punishment
- Conditional corporal punishment
Each view offers a different perspective on the implications of physical discipline.
What methodological issues are associated with research on physical punishment?
- Varied definitions
- Retrospective reports
- Spanking preceding negative behavior
- Co-effects of parenting behavior
These issues complicate the interpretation of research findings.
What percentage of US parents use spanking on children 17 years and younger?
74%
This statistic reflects the prevalence of spanking among parents in the United States.
What percentage of parents with 3-4 year olds use corporal punishment?
94%
This indicates a high incidence of corporal punishment among parents of toddlers.
What is the reported range of parents using physical punishment on children in Australia?
Between 28% and 72.1%
The wide range reflects differing survey results and methodologies.
What percentage of Queensland parents reported smacking their child with an open hand?
72.1%
This statistic comes from a survey of 1218 Queensland parents.
What percentage of parents endorsed smacking their child with an object?
14.8%
This includes items such as spoons or belts.
Does cultural acceptance of physical discipline imply its ethical acceptability?
No
Cultural condonement does not equate to moral or ethical justification.
How does parental harshness relate to children’s aggression across ethnic groups?
Positively related, but varies in strength
The relationship is influenced by ethnic group differences.
What effect does physical discipline have on European American children?
Increased externalizing problems
The experience of physical discipline has a negative impact on behavior.
What effect does physical discipline have on African American children?
No effect
Data suggests physical discipline does not impact behavioral outcomes in this group.
How do Black parents compare to White parents in the use of physical punishment?
More likely to use physical PCA
There is a need for culturally appropriate parenting awareness and programs.
What does the 2020 APA Resolution on Physical Discipline of Children state?
Physical discipline doesn’t improve behavior and leads to problems
This conclusion is supported by strong research evidence.
What are some negative outcomes of physical discipline according to the APA resolution?
- Emotional problems
- Behavioral problems
- Academic problems
These outcomes persist even when considering race, gender, and socioeconomic status.
What does Elizabeth Gershoff, PhD, suggest about the effectiveness of hitting children?
Hitting does not teach right from wrong
Gershoff’s research indicates that spanking does not lead to internalization of moral behavior.
True or False: Spanking ensures children will behave correctly when adults are present.
False
Children may only behave when supervised but not internalize the reasons for their actions.
What is the definition of Family
Family 2 or more person related through birth, marriage adoption or choice. They have emotional ties and responsibility to each other.
