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PSYU2239 - Perception and Cognition > PSYU2239 Complete Overview > Flashcards

PSYU2239 Complete Overview Flashcards

Study for Mid-semester and Final Exams

1
Q

What is light?

A

A wave of electromagnetic radiation and rays that travel in straight lines at a constant very high speed

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2
Q

How is wavelength measured?

A

In nanometers (10^-9 meters)

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3
Q

What is luminance?

A

The intensity of light measured in candelas

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4
Q

What does the intensity of light refer to?

A

The peaks and troughs of light intensity rather than the wavelength

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5
Q

What is relative luminance?

A

The brightness of a color relative to a standard white, measured on a scale from 0 (black) to 1 (white)

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6
Q

What is absolute luminance?

A

The actual measured brightness of a light source or surface, expressed in candelas per square meter (cd/m²)

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7
Q

What happens when Lmax = Lmin?

A

We see nothing

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8
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

It is a transparent window that bends 2/3 of the light and focuses it

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9
Q

What is the pupil?

A

The dark circular opening at the center of the iris where light enters

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10
Q

What is the role of the iris?

A

It is the colored part of the eye

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11
Q

What does the lens do?

A

Enables changing focus using ciliary muscles

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12
Q

What is the retina?

A

A light-sensitive membrane containing rods and cones that sends images to the brain

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13
Q

What is transduction in the context of vision?

A

The process of turning light into electrical impulses

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14
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors?

A
  • Rods (night vision) * Cones (daytime vision)
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15
Q

What is the blind spot?

A

The area where the optic nerve leaves the eye and has no photoreceptors

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16
Q

What is the fovea?

A

The part of the retina that receives light from the object being looked at

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17
Q

What is the function of ganglion cells?

A

They receive electrical impulses from photoreceptors and send them to the brain

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18
Q

What is cortical magnification?

A

The larger area of cortex dedicated to processing foveal vision

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the area of the retina that receives light from the object you are focusing on.

A

fovea

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20
Q

True or False: Objects that reflect more light will appear brighter.

A

True

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21
Q

True or False: Where the optic nerve leaves the eye there are dense photoreceptors that increase detail of vision.

A

False - there are no photoreceptors here creating a Blind Spot

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22
Q

______ photoreceptors allow us to see at night however due to the dilatation of the pupil our vison becomes blurrier. Meanwhile ____ photoreceptors have a low sensitivity and allow us daytime vision

A

Rod and Cone

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23
Q

The symbol C is representative of what concept?

A

Contrast

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24
Q

What are the fundamentals of spatial vision?

A

The fundamentals include how light enters the eye and how the brain processes contrast, edges, and patterns.

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25
What concepts help explain visual perception and illusions?
Contrast sensitivity, spatial frequency tuning, and receptive field properties.
26
What is Centre-Surround Antagonism?
It refers to the ON-centre/OFF-surround or Off-centre/ON-surround receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells.
27
What is the primary function of Centre-Surround Antagonism?
To improve contrast and vision, particularly relating to shapes, motion, and patterns.
28
How does Centre-Surround Antagonism enhance contrast?
It enhances contrast through edge detection.
29
What does Centre-Surround Antagonism reduce?
It reduces redundancy by preventing the processing of uniform light as relevant.
30
How does Centre-Surround Antagonism improve visual processing efficiency?
By filtering unnecessary details.
31
Why is Centre-Surround Antagonism important?
It tells us when and where changes in the image occur, such as edges, and allows compensation for light source intensity.
32
What happens to the perception of brightness in the example of identical cells?
The central square perceived as brighter when surrounded by less light due to less inhibition.
33
Why are grey patches more pronounced in the periphery?
In the fovea, receptive fields are small and densely packed, while in the periphery, they are larger, requiring eye movement for better acuity.
34
What is prioritized at the early stage of the visual system?
Contrast is prioritized over luminance/brightness.
35
What is the LGN (Lateral Geniculate Nucleus)?
It is where retinal ganglion cell axons terminate and project to the primary visual cortex (V1).
36
How many layers does the LGN have?
The LGN has 6 layers.
37
What is the organization of the LGN?
It is retinotopically organized, with neighbouring cells having retinal receptive fields next to each other.
38
What type of inputs do LGN cells receive?
All cells are monocular, with inputs from both eyes going to separate layers.
39
What are the properties of Magnocellular cells in the LGN?
They are large cells, receive signals from parasol ganglion cells, and are involved in motion detection and depth.
40
What are the properties of Parvocellular cells in the LGN?
They are small cells, receive signals from midget ganglion cells, and are responsible for high-resolution vision and colour processing.
41
What is the function of Koniocellular cells?
They are involved in colour processing (Blue-Yellow), contrast, and some motion.
42
What is the primary visual cortex (V1)?
V1 is where optic radiations carry neural signals from the LGN and is retinotopically organized.
43
What is cortical magnification in V1?
It refers to more cortex being devoted to the fovea.
44
What are visual filters in the visual cortex?
Neurons act as filters for orientation, spatial frequency, and contrast.
45
What is spatial frequency?
It represents the level of detail in an image, with low spatial frequency for coarse details and high spatial frequency for fine details.
46
What does the Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF) measure?
It measures sensitivity to different spatial frequencies.
47
What is Fourier Analysis in visual processing?
It is the decomposition of images into sine wave components, similar to signal processing.
48
What happens when white light passes through a prism?
It splits into a spectrum of different lights that appear coloured ## Footnote This phenomenon is known as refraction.
49
What is the visible spectrum range in nanometers?
400-700 nm ## Footnote 1 nm = 1 x 10^-9 m.
50
What is the definition of Wavelength?
Distance between CRESTS (nm)
51
What does Intensity refer to in the context of light?
Wave height (approximates to brightness)
52
Which colours correspond to short, medium, and long wavelengths?
* Short = Purple/Blue * Medium = Green * Long = Red
53
Is colour objective or subjective?
Subjective
54
True or False: There are exactly 7 colours in the visible spectrum.
False ## Footnote Any division into categories is somewhat arbitrary; the spectrum is a continuum.
55
How do objects appear to have colour?
They reflect light or absorb it (subtract)
56
What does it mean when an object appears black?
It absorbs lots of light at all wavelengths and reflects little
57
What is the difference between Additive and Subtractive Colour Mixtures?
* Additive: Adding pure wavelengths forms new colours * Subtractive: Mixing paints absorbs more light, making the mix darker
58
What is the Principle of Univariance?
A single photoreceptor can only vary its response based on the amount of light absorbed, not the wavelength
59
Where are Rods primarily located?
None in Central Fovea (thus blind spot)
60
What is the function of Cones in the human eye?
Different types respond to different wavelengths, enabling colour vision
61
What does the Two Receptor System (dichromatic system) represent?
Colour represented by the relative activation of two cone channels (M + L)
62
What are Metamers?
Two different physical stimulus configurations appear identical
63
What are the three cone types in humans?
* Long (peak 560 - reddish) * Medium (peak 530 - greenish) * Short (peak 420 - bluish)
64
What is Dichromacy?
One of the cone types (L- or M-cone) is completely absent
65
What types of Dichromacy exist?
* Protanopia (missing L-cones) * Deuteranopia (missing M-cones) * Tritanopia (missing S-cones)
66
What is Anomalous Trichromacy?
All three cone types are present, but one has abnormal sensitivity
67
What are the types of Anomalous Trichromacy?
* Protanomaly (weak red perception) * Deuteranomaly (weak green perception) * Tritanomaly (weak blue perception)
68
What is a Monochromat?
Has only one type of cone and lacks colour vision
69
What does the Opponent Process Theory explain?
How humans perceive colour based on opposing pairs of colours
70
What is the function of the black-white (light-dark) axis?
Defines overall brightness and contrast
71
What is Colour Constancy?
Objects generally look the same colour in a wide range of lighting conditions
72
True or False: Colour perception is based solely on raw wavelengths.
False ## Footnote Colour is also influenced by context.

PSYU2239 - Perception and Cognition (1 decks)

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