PsySoc Week 2 Flashcards
Positive reinforcement
- addition of good thing :-)
- give candy, smile, praise, attention, etc. to improve behavior
- increase frequency of +
Positive punishment
- addition of bad thing :-(
- give spanking, more rules/structure, etc. to improve behavior
- reduce frequency of -
Negative reinforcement
- removal of bad thing :-)
- take away aversive stimulus to improve performance
- increase frequency of +
Negative punishment
- removal of good thing :-(
- take away a favored toy/IPOD to improve performance
- reduce frequency of -
Internal or self-reinforcement
-pride, satisfaction with self
External reinforcement
-edible treats, money, public recognition
Reinforcement hierarchy
- Higher level = internal, abstract, delayed
- Lower level = external, concrete objects, immediate
Factors that affect compliance with behavioral programs
- SATIATION - overuse of any reinforcement reduces its effectiveness & may lead to non-compliance
- RELIABILITY OF CONSEQUENCES - poor follow through on reinforcement on the part of the therapist or team will reduce any sense of reward or punishment & reduce compliance
- COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS - individual judgments by a capable individual about the merits of either doing or not doing the action can often determine compliance or non-compliance
Systematic approach of extinguishing a behavior
- Identify the negative behavior
- Identify the trigger (stimulus) or cause
- Intervene in some logical way
- Assess / measure the response to the intervention
- Change or maintain intervention
Identify Negative Behavior
- Agitation, aggression, withdrawal
- Cussing, spitting, hitting, crying
- Refusal to sleep, bathe, dress, brush teeth
- Anger, head-banging, apathy, compulsive eating
- Interrupting, mouth-noises, wandering
Identify the behavior trigger
- Environment/objects: noise, odor, lighitng, people, tools, textures
- Emotions: Fear, anxiety, confusion (relation to disease, environment-colors, client factors)?
- Meaninglessness of activity: cultural issues, personal values
- Inability to perform skills: asserting, sharing, standing, walker, attending, communicating, toileting
- Timing in the client’s day: early AM pain, late day fatigue, mid-day hunger
- Social/Self issues: lack of interest, isolation, low sense of confidence, poor body image
- Are YOU part of the trigger??
Intervention Types
- Modify the trigger
- Ignore undesirable verbalizations or behaviors
- Address the social/self issues
- Add restrictions
- Make a behavioral contract
- Set goals for change
Methods for teaching new behaviors
- SHAPING: elicit approximations of the activity or of its parts and then reward each small approximation done in the right direction
- CHAINING: Teach small steps & putting together into full activity
- BACKWARD VS. FORWARD CHAINING: last step vs. first step
Cognitive Behavioral FOR
- builds on behavioral theory
- use of reinforcements that are under a therapist’s control
- suitable for persons who have the capacity to self-analyze, apply logic, & learn self-management
- i.e. mental ilnesses, TBI, CVA, PD, etc.
Bandura’s Social Learning or Social Cognitive Theory:
aims are to use modeling & to teach self-regulation, self-awareness & insight
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
aims are to address & revise cognitive distortions / automatic thoughts
Ellis’ Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)
Aims are to analyze: A - adversity or activating event B - belief C - consequences D - disputation
How therapy occurs…
- Assess to identify maladaptive thoughts
- Change illogical beliefs (aka. mustabatory thinking) to logical beliefs that reinforce changes in behavior.
- automatic thoughts
- rules of living
- core beliefs or schemas
Psychoeducational Interventions
- Design educational & skill-training experiences
- Use rational thinking
- Socratic questioning
- Problem solving strategies
- Cognitive behavioral modification
- Stress inoculation training
- Address auto. thoughts & rules of living
Cognitive restructuring / reframing
- Acknowledge personal role in creating one’s own problems
- Accept accountability for change
- Recognize that emotional problems can come from faulty thinking.
- Perceive & dispute faulty beliefs
- Change beliefs & change behaviors
Specific CBT strategies
-Identify ABCDs
-Keep a dysfunctional thought record
Use the TIC TOC technique
TIC TOC technique
- Create the TIC-TOC table
- TICs = Task-Interfering Cognitions
- TOCs = Task-Orienting Cognitions
- Record thoughts that inhibit action / motivation (TICs)
- Substitute more productive attitudes (TOCs)
