PsySoc Week 2

Question 1

Positive reinforcement

Answer 1

• addition of good thing :-)
• give candy, smile, praise, attention, etc. to improve behavior
• increase frequency of +

Question 2

Positive punishment

Answer 2

• addition of bad thing :-(
• give spanking, more rules/structure, etc. to improve behavior
• reduce frequency of -

Question 3

Negative reinforcement

Answer 3

• removal of bad thing :-)
• take away aversive stimulus to improve performance
• increase frequency of +

Question 4

Negative punishment

Answer 4

• removal of good thing :-(
• take away a favored toy/IPOD to improve performance
• reduce frequency of -

Question 5

Internal or self-reinforcement

Answer 5

-pride, satisfaction with self

Question 6

External reinforcement

Answer 6

-edible treats, money, public recognition

Question 7

Reinforcement hierarchy

Answer 7

• Higher level = internal, abstract, delayed

- Lower level = external, concrete objects, immediate

Question 8

Factors that affect compliance with behavioral programs

Answer 8

1. SATIATION - overuse of any reinforcement reduces its effectiveness & may lead to non-compliance
2. RELIABILITY OF CONSEQUENCES - poor follow through on reinforcement on the part of the therapist or team will reduce any sense of reward or punishment & reduce compliance
3. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS - individual judgments by a capable individual about the merits of either doing or not doing the action can often determine compliance or non-compliance

Question 9

Systematic approach of extinguishing a behavior

Answer 9

• Identify the negative behavior
• Identify the trigger (stimulus) or cause
• Intervene in some logical way
• Assess / measure the response to the intervention
• Change or maintain intervention

Question 10

Identify Negative Behavior

Answer 10

• Agitation, aggression, withdrawal
• Cussing, spitting, hitting, crying
• Refusal to sleep, bathe, dress, brush teeth
• Anger, head-banging, apathy, compulsive eating
• Interrupting, mouth-noises, wandering

Question 11

Identify the behavior trigger

Answer 11

• Environment/objects: noise, odor, lighitng, people, tools, textures
• Emotions: Fear, anxiety, confusion (relation to disease, environment-colors, client factors)?
• Meaninglessness of activity: cultural issues, personal values
• Inability to perform skills: asserting, sharing, standing, walker, attending, communicating, toileting
• Timing in the client’s day: early AM pain, late day fatigue, mid-day hunger
• Social/Self issues: lack of interest, isolation, low sense of confidence, poor body image
• Are YOU part of the trigger??

Question 12

Intervention Types

Answer 12

• Modify the trigger
• Ignore undesirable verbalizations or behaviors
• Address the social/self issues
• Add restrictions
• Make a behavioral contract
• Set goals for change

Question 13

Methods for teaching new behaviors

Answer 13

• SHAPING: elicit approximations of the activity or of its parts and then reward each small approximation done in the right direction
• CHAINING: Teach small steps & putting together into full activity
• BACKWARD VS. FORWARD CHAINING: last step vs. first step

Question 14

Cognitive Behavioral FOR

Answer 14

• builds on behavioral theory
• use of reinforcements that are under a therapist’s control
• suitable for persons who have the capacity to self-analyze, apply logic, & learn self-management
• i.e. mental ilnesses, TBI, CVA, PD, etc.

Question 15

Bandura’s Social Learning or Social Cognitive Theory:

Answer 15

aims are to use modeling & to teach self-regulation, self-awareness & insight

Question 16

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

Answer 16

aims are to address & revise cognitive distortions / automatic thoughts

Question 17

Ellis’ Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)

Answer 17

Aims are to analyze:
A - adversity or activating event
B - belief
C - consequences
D - disputation

Question 18

How therapy occurs…

Answer 18

1. Assess to identify maladaptive thoughts
2. Change illogical beliefs (aka. mustabatory thinking) to logical beliefs that reinforce changes in behavior.
   
   • automatic thoughts
   • rules of living
   • core beliefs or schemas

Question 19

Psychoeducational Interventions

Answer 19

• Design educational & skill-training experiences
• Use rational thinking
  
  • Socratic questioning
  • Problem solving strategies
  • Cognitive behavioral modification
  • Stress inoculation training
  • Address auto. thoughts & rules of living

Question 20

Cognitive restructuring / reframing

Answer 20

1. Acknowledge personal role in creating one’s own problems
2. Accept accountability for change
3. Recognize that emotional problems can come from faulty thinking.
4. Perceive & dispute faulty beliefs
5. Change beliefs & change behaviors

Question 21

Specific CBT strategies

Answer 21

-Identify ABCDs
-Keep a dysfunctional thought record
Use the TIC TOC technique

Question 22

TIC TOC technique

Answer 22

1. Create the TIC-TOC table
   
   • TICs = Task-Interfering Cognitions
   • TOCs = Task-Orienting Cognitions
2. Record thoughts that inhibit action / motivation (TICs)
3. Substitute more productive attitudes (TOCs)