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PsychoPhysiology 4640 > psypsysiology 4640 test1 > Flashcards

psypsysiology 4640 test1 Flashcards

1
Q

physiological

A

physical explanations of behavior

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2
Q

ontogenetic

A

study of development over time

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3
Q

evolutionary

A

reconstruction of a structure or behavior through evolution

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4
Q

functional

A

explains what caused a structure or behavior to evolve

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5
Q

dualism

A

the idea that the mind and body are separate

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6
Q

monism

A

the idea that the mind and body are the same

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7
Q

solipism

A

nothing outside of your own mind exists

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8
Q

homozygous

A

a set of identical genes

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9
Q

heterozygous

A

a set of different genes

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10
Q

autosomal

A

all chromosomes other than sex linked genes

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11
Q

epigenetics

A

change in gene expression without gene modification

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12
Q

neurons

A

a cell that receives and transmits info to and from other cells through electrical impulses

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13
Q

glial cells

A

cells that unlike neurons do not conduct impulses to other cells

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14
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

glial cells that produce myelin sheath in the CNS

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15
Q

schwann cells

A

glial cells that produce myelin sheath in the PNs

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16
Q

microglia

A

a type of glial cell that picks up waste and functions like immune cells in the brain (cns)

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17
Q

astrocytes

A

a type of glial cell that wraps around the ends of neurons and syncronizes their firing and also picks up waste.

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18
Q

radial glia

A

glial cell that guides the migration of neurons during embryological development

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19
Q

endothelial cells

A

these cells compose the blood brain barrier which protects the brain from harmful toxins, weakest area of it is the area postremia (gag reflex)

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20
Q

plasma membrane

A

a cells semipermiable membrane that allows things in and out selectively

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21
Q

nucleus

A

the part of a cell that contains it’s chromosomes; also a cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS

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22
Q

mitochondria

A

does the cells metabolic activities that provide energy

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23
Q

ribosomes

A

where a cell synthesizes new protein molecules

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24
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of transport tubes for newly synthesized proteins

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25
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

short unmyleinated section of axon between myelinated segments

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26
Q

sensory neurons

A

specialized neurons that are highly sensitive to a specific stimulation

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27
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that conduct impulses from its soma in the spinal cord to muscle or gland cells

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28
Q

afferent

A

brings information into a neuron

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29
Q

efferent

A

takes information away from a neuron

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30
Q

interneuron AKA intrinsic

A

neuron whose axons and dendrites are all confined within a given structure

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31
Q

propagation

A

the way action potential travels through an axon without mylenation

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32
Q

saltatory conduction

A

jumping of action potential from one node of raniver to another by flow of positive ions

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33
Q

resting potential of a neuron

A

-70 milivolts

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34
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

actively transports 3 sodium ions from the cell and simultaneously draws 2 potassium ions into the cell

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35
Q

hyperpolarize

A

to make a neuron ever more negative than resting -70 milivolts

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36
Q

depolarize

A

a reduction in the polarization of a cell

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37
Q

threshold for action potential

A

-55 milivolts

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38
Q

action potential

A

rapid depolarization of a cell

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39
Q

all or none law

A

the size of a stimulus is independent of the size of the action potential

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40
Q

refractory period

A

brief period following the release of an action potential when a cell resists firing another action potential

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41
Q

graded potentials

A

graded potentials are produced by local neurons and do not follow the all or none law

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42
Q

synapse

A

point of communcation between neurons

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43
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the gap between dendrites

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44
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

creates an action potential

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45
Q

inhibitory post synaptic potential

A

creates a hyperpolarization in a cell, less responsive to stimulus

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46
Q

spontaneous firing rates

A

periodic production of action potentials by a neuron in the absence of synaptic input

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47
Q

neurotransmitters (3 types)

A

Amino Acids, Peptides, Gases

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48
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemicals released by neurons that affect other neurons

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49
Q

vesicles

A

sperical packets near the axon terminals that are filled with neurotransmitters

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50
Q

dale’s law

A

neurons release the same NT at all of their synapses

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51
Q

ionotropic

A

synaptic effect that depends on the rapid opening of a gate (rapid onset)

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52
Q

metabotropic

A

produces relatively slow but long lasting effect

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53
Q

neuromodulator

A

generally caused by peptides through second messengers, they modulate the effects of other NTs

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54
Q

ACh breakdown

A

ACh- Acetate and Choline - Acetylcholinesterase

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55
Q

reuptake

A

reabsorption of a NT by the presynaptic terminal

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56
Q

autoreceptors

A

presynaptic receptor gives feedback by the presynaptic cell itself which signals the decrease of NT release

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57
Q

transporters

A

membrane protein responsible for the reuptake of a NT after its release

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58
Q

endogenous

A

made within the body

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59
Q

exogenous

A

made outside of the body

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60
Q

psychopharmacology

A

study of how drugs affect behavior

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61
Q

conditioned place preference

A

3 roomed test that determines how reinforcing a drug is

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62
Q

agonist

A

drug that mimics or increases a NT effect

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63
Q

antagonist

A

a drug that inhibits the effects of a NT

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64
Q

affinity

A

strength of attachment of a NT

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65
Q

efficacy

A

ability of a NT to stimulate a receptor after attached

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66
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

rich in dopeamine receptors, a major location for the reinforcement of drugs

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67
Q

two endogenous opiates

A

endorphins & enkephalins

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68
Q

adenosine

A

a neurotransmitter that makes you sleepy, it is inhibited by caffeine

69
Q

two endogenous THC receptor users

A

Anandamide, 2AG

70
Q

what is HPPD

A

hallucinogen produced perceptual disorder

71
Q

Alcohol Breakdown

A

Acetaldehyde - acetaldehyde dehydrogenace - acetic acid

72
Q

disulfiram - antabuse

A

inhibits the breakdown of alcohol

73
Q

CNS components

A

Brain and Spine

74
Q

PNS components

A

Somatic and Autonomic systmes

75
Q

Somatic system (soma=body)

A

somatic - sensory to motor output

76
Q

Autonomic system

A

involuntary systems, Sympathetic(prepares body for vigorous activity) Parasympathetic(prepares vegetative non emergency functions)

77
Q

Bell-Magendie Law

A

Dorsal roots of the spine carry sensory information, Ventral roots carry motor information

78
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

set of sensory neuron somata on the dorsal side of the spinal cord

79
Q

Medulla

A

controls breathing and heartrate. lots of opiate receptors here.

80
Q

Pons

A

Large crossover of information here

81
Q

Cerebellum

A

Motor movement, complex cognitive tasks

82
Q

reticular formation

A

neurons control brain arousal and attention

83
Q

tectum

A

roof of mid brain, has two side swellings called Superior and Inferior Colliculi, which are routes for sensory information

84
Q

tegmentum

A

intermediate midbrain structure

85
Q

substantia nigra

A

abundant dopeamine containing neurons; important for readiness of movement

86
Q

amygdala

A

controls emotion, most of all FEAR

87
Q

hippocampus

A

important for learning and memory, holds distinct nuclei

88
Q

hypothalamus

A

feeding, drinking, immunity, sex

89
Q

limbic system components

A

Amygdala, septum, hippocampus

90
Q

Basal Ganglia 3parts

A

Caudate, Putamen, Globus Pallidus. the basal ganglia delivers movement information and emotional expression

91
Q

Basal forebrain - nucleus basalis

A

important for attention and arousal

92
Q

ventricles

A

1 in each hemisphere filled with CSF, 3rd vent where the hemispheres meet 4th vent. in the medulla, 5th vent(central canal) carrys CSF down the spine

93
Q

What type of cells create CSF?

A

Choroid plexus cells, line ventricles and create CSF

94
Q

subarachnoid space

A

only in the CNS, a space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater, that is filled with CSF

95
Q

vertebral arteries carry blood to?

A

The back of the brain

96
Q

the carotid arteries carry blood to?

A

the front of the brain

97
Q

Meninges (3 layers)

A

Dura mater(tough outer layer), Arachnoid membrane(spongy middle later), pia mater(inner layer very close to brain/spine)

98
Q

What happens when the flow of CSF is blocked?

A

Hydrocephaly

99
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

80% of brain by volume, recieves sensory infor and sends motor info to other side of body(contralateral control). the external cortex is composed of grey matter (nonmylenated axons)

100
Q

corpus callosum-anterior commisure

A

The two axon bundles between the hemispheres that allow communication between them.

101
Q

laminae

A

cell layers that are parallel to the brain surace (6 layers in brain)

102
Q

occipital cortes

A

(back of brain) is main target for sensory information from the thalamus, recieves visual pathway input.

103
Q

striate cortex

A

the most posterior of occipital, is primary visual cortex. damage to striate cortex = blindness

104
Q

parietal lobe

A

is the body info. center primary target for touch, skin, muscle information

105
Q

central sulcus

A

large groove separating frontal from parietal cortex

106
Q

temporal lobe

A

main target for auditory signals, includes the vestibular system: sense of balance; temporal lobe important for language. facial recognition, and visual tasks.

107
Q

kulver-bucy syndrome

A

there is a complete absence of fear

108
Q

frontal lobe

A

responsible for fine motor movement, last to fully develop, houses impulsivity, & socially appropriate behaviors

109
Q

stereotaxis

A

purposely lesion and animals brain and study effects

110
Q

bregma

A

point where frontal and parietal bones meet

111
Q

necropsy

A

term for the autopsy of animals

112
Q

microtome

A

machine that very thinly slices animal brain to see lesions

113
Q

microdialysis

A

measure brain activity, implant device in brain hold in place w dental plastic

114
Q

autoradiography

A

measures brain activity used to tell where particular receptors are. Take a NT radioactively label the NT then in ject into animal wait then kill animal an slice up brain and find the radioactive tag

115
Q

immunohistochemistry

A

procedure that uses immune system to label certain chemicals in the brain

116
Q

cat scan

A

uses dyes and xrays to construct an image of the brain 1degree at a time.

117
Q

MRI

A

uses atomic movement to yeild brain image through magnetics

118
Q

EEG

A

records brain electrical activity with electrodes attached to the scalp. averages the electrical activity, can determine the state of sleep a person is in.

119
Q

Evoked potentials

A

seen in EEG scan when something surprising or meaningful occurs

120
Q

PETscan

A

measures brain activity through radioactive decay, which creates certain atomic movements

121
Q

proliferation (step1neuronalgrowth)

A

Production of new cells.

122
Q

migration (step2neuronalgrowth)

A

follows proliferation, cells begin to migrate towards their destination through the help of lg’s and chemokines

123
Q

differerentiation(step3neuronalgrowth)

A

neurons unique shape occurs in this phase, axons develop first they then turn into what they’re going to be.

124
Q

myelination (step4neuronalgrowth)

A

starts at spinal cord and works its way upward (oligdendrocytes create myelin in CNS)

125
Q

synaptogenesis (step5neuronalgrowth)

A

formation of the synapses, occurs throughout life. doesn’t quit.

126
Q

neural darwinism

A

The strongest cells survive

127
Q

neurotropins-tropic factors

A

chemicals sent out by the target of a neuron, tropic factors chemicals that promote the growth and survival of incoming axons.

128
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death of a neurons

129
Q

teratogens

A

agent that causes permanent harm to a developing fetus

130
Q

focal hand dystonia

A

brain rewires the fingers and consequently you cannot tell fingers apart from eachother

131
Q

anoxia

A

a lack of oxygen

132
Q

edema

A

swelling of the brain that results from excess water in brain tissue

133
Q

ischemia

A

a blood clot of obstruction in a blood vessel

134
Q

hemorrhage

A

the rupturing of a blood vessel(cells in penumbra die via anoxia)

135
Q

penumbra

A

cells surrounding immediate stroke area

136
Q

contusion

A

closed head injury when brain bounces off skull, may result in brain bruising.

137
Q

luria nebraska

A

psychometric test takes 2.5 hrs to administer

138
Q

weschler IQ

A

most used psychometric measurement

139
Q

kennard principle-serial lesion effect

A

you recover better from a slow onset lesion than a fast onset lesion

140
Q

diaschisis

A

decreased neuronal activity post destruction or injury to other neurons

141
Q

denervation supersensitivty

A

increased activity of a neuron after its activating axon is destroyed

142
Q

regeneration

A

(doesnt’ take place in CNS) axon in periphery is destroyed it may grow back. but it does not always grow back where / how it should

143
Q

collateral sprouting

A

many neurons whose initial targets died, then remaining neurons hook up with surviving neurons to continue to send information.

144
Q

ganglioside

A

class of chemicals that aid in collateral sprouting, they help guide the neurons to alive neurons.

145
Q

halstead reitan

A

sensitive psychometric exam with subtests that takes 8 hours to administer

146
Q

dorsal

A

towards the back

147
Q

ventral

A

towards the front (stomach)

148
Q

anterior

A

toward the front end

149
Q

posterior

A

toward the rear end

150
Q

superior

A

above another part

151
Q

inferior

A

below another part

152
Q

lateral

A

toward the side, away from midline

153
Q

medial

A

toward the middle, away from the side

154
Q

proximal

A

located near the point of origin

155
Q

distal

A

located more distant from point of origin

156
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body as

157
Q

contralateral

A

on the opposite side of the body as

158
Q

coronal plane

A

viewing a structure from the front (corona bottle)

159
Q

sagittal plane

A

viewing structure from the side view (like sagittarius constilation)

160
Q

horizontal plane

A

viewing structures from above

161
Q

lamina

A

a row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites

162
Q

column

A

a set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex

163
Q

tract aka projection

A

a set of axons within the CNS if axons extend from cell bodies from one structure to another they are said to be projecting from A onto B

164
Q

nerve

A

a set of axons in the PNS either from the CNS to a muscle or from a sensory organ to the CNS

165
Q

nucleus

A

a cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS

166
Q

ganglion

A

a cluster of neuron cell bodies usually outside the CNS

167
Q

gyrus

A

a raise on the surface of the brain

168
Q

sulcus

A

a fold or groove in the structure of the brain

169
Q

fissure

A

a long deep sulcus

PsychoPhysiology 4640 (2 decks)

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