psypsysiology 4640 test1 Flashcards
physiological
physical explanations of behavior
ontogenetic
study of development over time
evolutionary
reconstruction of a structure or behavior through evolution
functional
explains what caused a structure or behavior to evolve
dualism
the idea that the mind and body are separate
monism
the idea that the mind and body are the same
solipism
nothing outside of your own mind exists
homozygous
a set of identical genes
heterozygous
a set of different genes
autosomal
all chromosomes other than sex linked genes
epigenetics
change in gene expression without gene modification
neurons
a cell that receives and transmits info to and from other cells through electrical impulses
glial cells
cells that unlike neurons do not conduct impulses to other cells
oligodendrocytes
glial cells that produce myelin sheath in the CNS
schwann cells
glial cells that produce myelin sheath in the PNs
microglia
a type of glial cell that picks up waste and functions like immune cells in the brain (cns)
astrocytes
a type of glial cell that wraps around the ends of neurons and syncronizes their firing and also picks up waste.
radial glia
glial cell that guides the migration of neurons during embryological development
endothelial cells
these cells compose the blood brain barrier which protects the brain from harmful toxins, weakest area of it is the area postremia (gag reflex)
plasma membrane
a cells semipermiable membrane that allows things in and out selectively
nucleus
the part of a cell that contains it’s chromosomes; also a cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS
mitochondria
does the cells metabolic activities that provide energy
ribosomes
where a cell synthesizes new protein molecules
endoplasmic reticulum
network of transport tubes for newly synthesized proteins
nodes of ranvier
short unmyleinated section of axon between myelinated segments
sensory neurons
specialized neurons that are highly sensitive to a specific stimulation
motor neurons
neurons that conduct impulses from its soma in the spinal cord to muscle or gland cells
afferent
brings information into a neuron
efferent
takes information away from a neuron
interneuron AKA intrinsic
neuron whose axons and dendrites are all confined within a given structure
propagation
the way action potential travels through an axon without mylenation
saltatory conduction
jumping of action potential from one node of raniver to another by flow of positive ions
resting potential of a neuron
-70 milivolts
sodium potassium pump
actively transports 3 sodium ions from the cell and simultaneously draws 2 potassium ions into the cell
hyperpolarize
to make a neuron ever more negative than resting -70 milivolts
depolarize
a reduction in the polarization of a cell
threshold for action potential
-55 milivolts
action potential
rapid depolarization of a cell
all or none law
the size of a stimulus is independent of the size of the action potential
refractory period
brief period following the release of an action potential when a cell resists firing another action potential
graded potentials
graded potentials are produced by local neurons and do not follow the all or none law
synapse
point of communcation between neurons
synaptic cleft
the gap between dendrites
excitatory postsynaptic potential
creates an action potential
inhibitory post synaptic potential
creates a hyperpolarization in a cell, less responsive to stimulus
spontaneous firing rates
periodic production of action potentials by a neuron in the absence of synaptic input
neurotransmitters (3 types)
Amino Acids, Peptides, Gases
neurotransmitter
chemicals released by neurons that affect other neurons
vesicles
sperical packets near the axon terminals that are filled with neurotransmitters
dale’s law
neurons release the same NT at all of their synapses
ionotropic
synaptic effect that depends on the rapid opening of a gate (rapid onset)
metabotropic
produces relatively slow but long lasting effect
neuromodulator
generally caused by peptides through second messengers, they modulate the effects of other NTs
ACh breakdown
ACh- Acetate and Choline - Acetylcholinesterase
reuptake
reabsorption of a NT by the presynaptic terminal
autoreceptors
presynaptic receptor gives feedback by the presynaptic cell itself which signals the decrease of NT release
transporters
membrane protein responsible for the reuptake of a NT after its release
endogenous
made within the body
exogenous
made outside of the body
psychopharmacology
study of how drugs affect behavior
conditioned place preference
3 roomed test that determines how reinforcing a drug is
agonist
drug that mimics or increases a NT effect
antagonist
a drug that inhibits the effects of a NT
affinity
strength of attachment of a NT
efficacy
ability of a NT to stimulate a receptor after attached
nucleus accumbens
rich in dopeamine receptors, a major location for the reinforcement of drugs
two endogenous opiates
endorphins & enkephalins
adenosine
a neurotransmitter that makes you sleepy, it is inhibited by caffeine
two endogenous THC receptor users
Anandamide, 2AG
what is HPPD
hallucinogen produced perceptual disorder
Alcohol Breakdown
Acetaldehyde - acetaldehyde dehydrogenace - acetic acid
disulfiram - antabuse
inhibits the breakdown of alcohol
CNS components
Brain and Spine
PNS components
Somatic and Autonomic systmes
Somatic system (soma=body)
somatic - sensory to motor output
Autonomic system
involuntary systems, Sympathetic(prepares body for vigorous activity) Parasympathetic(prepares vegetative non emergency functions)
Bell-Magendie Law
Dorsal roots of the spine carry sensory information, Ventral roots carry motor information
Dorsal root ganglia
set of sensory neuron somata on the dorsal side of the spinal cord
Medulla
controls breathing and heartrate. lots of opiate receptors here.
Pons
Large crossover of information here
Cerebellum
Motor movement, complex cognitive tasks
reticular formation
neurons control brain arousal and attention
tectum
roof of mid brain, has two side swellings called Superior and Inferior Colliculi, which are routes for sensory information
tegmentum
intermediate midbrain structure
substantia nigra
abundant dopeamine containing neurons; important for readiness of movement
amygdala
controls emotion, most of all FEAR
hippocampus
important for learning and memory, holds distinct nuclei
hypothalamus
feeding, drinking, immunity, sex
limbic system components
Amygdala, septum, hippocampus
Basal Ganglia 3parts
Caudate, Putamen, Globus Pallidus. the basal ganglia delivers movement information and emotional expression
Basal forebrain - nucleus basalis
important for attention and arousal
ventricles
1 in each hemisphere filled with CSF, 3rd vent where the hemispheres meet 4th vent. in the medulla, 5th vent(central canal) carrys CSF down the spine
What type of cells create CSF?
Choroid plexus cells, line ventricles and create CSF
subarachnoid space
only in the CNS, a space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater, that is filled with CSF
vertebral arteries carry blood to?
The back of the brain
the carotid arteries carry blood to?
the front of the brain
Meninges (3 layers)
Dura mater(tough outer layer), Arachnoid membrane(spongy middle later), pia mater(inner layer very close to brain/spine)
What happens when the flow of CSF is blocked?
Hydrocephaly
Cerebral Cortex
80% of brain by volume, recieves sensory infor and sends motor info to other side of body(contralateral control). the external cortex is composed of grey matter (nonmylenated axons)
corpus callosum-anterior commisure
The two axon bundles between the hemispheres that allow communication between them.
laminae
cell layers that are parallel to the brain surace (6 layers in brain)
occipital cortes
(back of brain) is main target for sensory information from the thalamus, recieves visual pathway input.
striate cortex
the most posterior of occipital, is primary visual cortex. damage to striate cortex = blindness
parietal lobe
is the body info. center primary target for touch, skin, muscle information
central sulcus
large groove separating frontal from parietal cortex
temporal lobe
main target for auditory signals, includes the vestibular system: sense of balance; temporal lobe important for language. facial recognition, and visual tasks.
kulver-bucy syndrome
there is a complete absence of fear
frontal lobe
responsible for fine motor movement, last to fully develop, houses impulsivity, & socially appropriate behaviors
stereotaxis
purposely lesion and animals brain and study effects
bregma
point where frontal and parietal bones meet
necropsy
term for the autopsy of animals
microtome
machine that very thinly slices animal brain to see lesions
microdialysis
measure brain activity, implant device in brain hold in place w dental plastic
autoradiography
measures brain activity used to tell where particular receptors are. Take a NT radioactively label the NT then in ject into animal wait then kill animal an slice up brain and find the radioactive tag
immunohistochemistry
procedure that uses immune system to label certain chemicals in the brain
cat scan
uses dyes and xrays to construct an image of the brain 1degree at a time.
MRI
uses atomic movement to yeild brain image through magnetics
EEG
records brain electrical activity with electrodes attached to the scalp. averages the electrical activity, can determine the state of sleep a person is in.
Evoked potentials
seen in EEG scan when something surprising or meaningful occurs
PETscan
measures brain activity through radioactive decay, which creates certain atomic movements
proliferation (step1neuronalgrowth)
Production of new cells.
migration (step2neuronalgrowth)
follows proliferation, cells begin to migrate towards their destination through the help of lg’s and chemokines
differerentiation(step3neuronalgrowth)
neurons unique shape occurs in this phase, axons develop first they then turn into what they’re going to be.
myelination (step4neuronalgrowth)
starts at spinal cord and works its way upward (oligdendrocytes create myelin in CNS)
synaptogenesis (step5neuronalgrowth)
formation of the synapses, occurs throughout life. doesn’t quit.
neural darwinism
The strongest cells survive
neurotropins-tropic factors
chemicals sent out by the target of a neuron, tropic factors chemicals that promote the growth and survival of incoming axons.
apoptosis
programmed cell death of a neurons
teratogens
agent that causes permanent harm to a developing fetus
focal hand dystonia
brain rewires the fingers and consequently you cannot tell fingers apart from eachother
anoxia
a lack of oxygen
edema
swelling of the brain that results from excess water in brain tissue
ischemia
a blood clot of obstruction in a blood vessel
hemorrhage
the rupturing of a blood vessel(cells in penumbra die via anoxia)
penumbra
cells surrounding immediate stroke area
contusion
closed head injury when brain bounces off skull, may result in brain bruising.
luria nebraska
psychometric test takes 2.5 hrs to administer
weschler IQ
most used psychometric measurement
kennard principle-serial lesion effect
you recover better from a slow onset lesion than a fast onset lesion
diaschisis
decreased neuronal activity post destruction or injury to other neurons
denervation supersensitivty
increased activity of a neuron after its activating axon is destroyed
regeneration
(doesnt’ take place in CNS) axon in periphery is destroyed it may grow back. but it does not always grow back where / how it should
collateral sprouting
many neurons whose initial targets died, then remaining neurons hook up with surviving neurons to continue to send information.
ganglioside
class of chemicals that aid in collateral sprouting, they help guide the neurons to alive neurons.
halstead reitan
sensitive psychometric exam with subtests that takes 8 hours to administer
dorsal
towards the back
ventral
towards the front (stomach)
anterior
toward the front end
posterior
toward the rear end
superior
above another part
inferior
below another part
lateral
toward the side, away from midline
medial
toward the middle, away from the side
proximal
located near the point of origin
distal
located more distant from point of origin
ipsilateral
on the same side of the body as
contralateral
on the opposite side of the body as
coronal plane
viewing a structure from the front (corona bottle)
sagittal plane
viewing structure from the side view (like sagittarius constilation)
horizontal plane
viewing structures from above
lamina
a row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites
column
a set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex
tract aka projection
a set of axons within the CNS if axons extend from cell bodies from one structure to another they are said to be projecting from A onto B
nerve
a set of axons in the PNS either from the CNS to a muscle or from a sensory organ to the CNS
nucleus
a cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS
ganglion
a cluster of neuron cell bodies usually outside the CNS
gyrus
a raise on the surface of the brain
sulcus
a fold or groove in the structure of the brain
fissure
a long deep sulcus
