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PSYO 2470 > PSYO Exam 1 > Flashcards

PSYO Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Nerves as wires: Dorsal & Ventral roots

A 
Dorsal= sensory 
Ventral= Motor
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2
Q

Phrenology

A

Head bumps= personality

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3
Q

cerebellum

A

Responsible for movement

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4
Q

Language impairment (Broca)

A

broca’s area= speech production

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5
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Natural selection

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6
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Cell Theory (1839)

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7
Q

Santiago Ramon U Cajai

A

Neuron Doctrine= neuron is the structural & functional unit of the NS

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8
Q

Camillo Golgi

A 
Golgi Stain (1873)= Visualize nervous tissue under light microscopy 
Golgi appartus, tendon origin= helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.
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9
Q

Neuroanatomy: Neuroimaging

A

Staining & Photos were early techniques

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10
Q

Structural imaging

A

CT/CAT
MRI
-) Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)= Traces flow of water in the brain to visualize white matter structures

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11
Q

Functional imaging:

A

PET

FMRI= blood flow in the brain

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12
Q

Measuring brain activity

A

EEG

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13
Q

Jargon

A 
Nucleus= Collection of neurons in the CNS
Ganglion= Collection of neurons in the PNS
Tract= Bundle of axons in the CNS
Nerve= Bundle of axons in the PNS
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14
Q

protective barriers for the brain

A

Meninges:

  1. Dura matter (Leather texture)
  2. Arachnoid Membrane (looks like spider webs)
  3. Pia matter (separated by subarachnoid space)= Filled with cerebrial spinal fluid
    - Close proximity to the brain
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15
Q

medial surface of the brain

A
  1. Cingulate gyrus= physical & emotional pain
  2. Corpus callosum
  3. Amygdala
  4. Hippocampus
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16
Q

Jargon:

A 
Sulcus= small groove 
Gyrus= ridge of cortex 
Fissure= Large groove
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17
Q

Cortical Structures:

A

most of the cortex that covers the cerebral hemispheres is neocortex.

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18
Q

Primary sensory areas:

A
  1. Somatosensory: Postcentral gyrus (touch)
  2. Visual: Posterir occipital lobe
  3. Auditory: Temporal lobe
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19
Q

Primary Motor Areas:

A

Precentrial Gyrus

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20
Q

Association Areas (Largest proportion of cortex in humans)

A
  1. The insula= involved in movement, language, taste, regulating bodies internal environment.
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21
Q

Vision: Retinal Organization

A

retina-) Lateral geniculate nucleus (Thalamus) -) Area 17/VI/Striate cortext (1 degree visual cortex) -) 2 dozen other cortical areas (occipital, temporal, parietal)

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22
Q

Rods & Cones

A

5 million cones (coloured vision)

100 million rods (colourless vision)

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23
Q

m-type & p-type ganglion cells

A

Ganglion cells are the final output neurons of the vertebrate retina
faster firing action potential
larger receptor fields
respond differently to stimulation in the receptive fields
decline rapidly even though the light is still on.

24
Q

Contralateral & ipsilateral

A

Con. = opposite side

ipsi. same side

25
Q

Lateral geniculate neurons

A

the sight of the first synapse along the pathway from retina to conscious perception
6 layers:
1-2 receive input from the magnocellular (5% total axons leaving eye)
3-6 receive input from parvocellular (90% of retinal afference)

26
Q

inputs from the LGN

A
  1. Magnocellular
  2. Parvocellular
  3. Koniocellular
27
Q

Retinotopy

A

A map of the visual field on its various target structures

mapping of visual input from the retina to neurons

28
Q

Striate Cortex/VI

29
Q

outputs of the striate cortex:

A
  1. Layers 2, 4b (other cortical areas)
  2. Layer 5 (Superior colliculus & pons)
  3. Layer 6 (back to the LGN)
30
Q

Transneuronal Autoradiography

A

injected radioactive amino acid into 1 eye, got taken up by gangolion cells

31
Q

monocular & binocular:

A

Monocular: Retinal Ganglion cells & LGN & Striate cortex layer IVc
Binocular: Other layers (mostly)

32
Q

simple cells: Receptive fields

A

binocular
orientation-selective
elongated

response:
on or off
opposite off or on in adjacent areas

33
Q

complex cells: Receptive fields

A

binocular
orientation- selective
elongated

response:
on or off
No distinct regions

34
Q

Dorsal Stream:

A

Motion & visual control of action

35
Q

ventral stream

A

recognition of objects

36
Q

Achromatopsia

A

loss of colour vision

37
Q

area IT

A

Fusiform face area

damage= prosopagnosia

38
Q

Nature of sound: Cycle

A

Distance between successive compressed patches of air

39
Q

Frequency:

A 
Number of cycles per second 
expressed in Hz 
Human range: 20-20,000 Hz
Anything that can move air molecules can generate sound
Pitch
40
Q

Amplitude:

A

loudness/height (in image/photo)

41
Q

Purity:

A

Number of frequencies presented

42
Q

Ultrasound & Infrasound

A

Ultrasound: Greater than 20Hz
Infrasound: Lower than 20Hz (whale= 20Hz)

43
Q

Auditory Pathway:

A

Auditory receptors in cochlea—Brain stem neurons—MGN—Auditory cortex

44
Q

The middle ear:

A

AMPLI sound
Smallest bones body
air—) fluid

45
Q

How the ossicles work:

A
  1. increasing force by lever mechanism

2. Delivering force to smaller surface area

46
Q

encoding sound: Intensity

A 
determined by: 
1. Firing rate
2. # of neurons
most responsive to 1600Hz
same firing rate at different volumes
47
Q

Tonotopy

A

map of basilar membrane in cochlear nuclei

48
Q

Phase locking

A

the consistent firing of a cell in phase with soundwave

- up to 5000Hz

49
Q

low frequencies:

A

use phase locking

50
Q

intermediate frequencies

A

phase locking or tonotopy

51
Q

High frequencies:

52
Q

Horizontal plane:

A

Interaural time delay
time different for sound to reach Left and right ear
low freq. works best

53
Q

Body Senses: Types

A
  1. Exteroceptive= external stimuli ( applied to skin)
  2. Proprioceptive= body positions (muscles, joints, balance organs)
  3. interoceptive (body temp., glucose levels)
54
Q

Skin Types:

A

-hairy and glabrous

layers:
epidermis= outer layer
Dermis= inner layer
skin is the largest organ of the body

55
Q

Primary Afferent Axons

A

A alpha= balance
A beta= Touch information
A (weird symbol)= pain & temp.
C= Pain, Temp, itch (slowest amp.)

56
Q

Dermatomes:

A

Areas that recieve signals from areas in nerves

PSYO 2470 (1 decks)

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