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Fourth Year > PSYO 353 > Flashcards

PSYO 353 Flashcards

1
Q

Erotic

A

Arousing sexual feelings or desires

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2
Q

Gender

A

The behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with one’s sex. Gender is distinct from anatomic sex, which is based on the physical differences between males and females

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3
Q

Gender roles

A

Complex clusters of ways men and women are expected to behave

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4
Q

Human sexuality

A

The way we experience and express ourselves as sexual beings

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5
Q

Phallic worship

A

Veneration of the penis as a symbol of generative power

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6
Q

Phallic symbols

A

An object that represents the penis

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7
Q

Incest taboo

A

The prohibition against intercourse with close blood relatives

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8
Q

Plolygamy

A

Simultaneous marriage to more than one person

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9
Q

Monogamy

A

Marriage to one person

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10
Q

Pederasty

A

Sexual love between a man and a boy

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11
Q

Bisexual

A

Sexually responsive to either gender

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12
Q

Courtesans

A

A prostitute, especially the mistress of a noble or wealthy man

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13
Q

Concubine

A

A secondary wife, usually of inferior legal and social status

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14
Q

Sexologist

A

A scientist who studies sexual behaviour

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15
Q

Analogue

A

Something that is similar or comparable to something else

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16
Q

Copulation

A

Sexual intercourse

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17
Q

Theory

A

A set of ideas or concepts intended to explain something

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18
Q

Evolution

A

The development of a species to its present state, which involves adaptations to its environment

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19
Q

Natural selection

A

The evolutionary process by which adaptive traits enable members of a species to survive to reproductive age and transmit these traits to future generations

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20
Q

Sociobiology

A

The idea that social behaviour results from evolution

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21
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

The theory of personality originated by Sigmund Freud, which proposes that human behaviour represents the outcome of clashing inner forces

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22
Q

Erogenous zones

A

Parts of the body, including but not limited to the sex organs, that are responsive to sexual stimulation

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23
Q

Psychosexual development

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the process by which sexual feelings shift from one erogenous zone to another

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24
Q

Oedipus complex

A

In psychoanalytical theory, a conflict of the phallic stage in which the boy wishes to possess his mother sexually and perceives his father as a rival in love

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25
Q

Behaviourism

A

A psychological approach to understanding learning, focusing on observable behaviours and emphasizing the role of environmental factors or external stimuli in shaping behaviour

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26
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A process by which an association is formed between a naturally occurring stimulus and a previously neutral one

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27
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A process by which an individual changes his or her behaviour as a result of consequences (e.g., reinforcements or punishments)

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28
Q

Social learning theory

A

A learning theory that proposes learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social environment, primarily focusing on rewards and punishments in shaping behaviours

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29
Q

Social-cognitive theory

A

A cognitively oriented learning theory in which observational learning interacts with behaviour, the environment, and cognition

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30
Q

Sexual script theory

A

A theory that examines sexuality from the standpoint of culturally learned scripts that specify how men and women should behave sexually

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31
Q

Traditional sexual script

A

A sexual script based on stereotypical standards for sexual behaviour that dictates that males take an assertive and active role in heterosexual interaction while women take a receptive and passive role

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32
Q

Social exchange theory

A

A theory that examines sexuality within relationships in terms of rewards and costs

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33
Q

Feminist theory

A

A theory that focuses on the subordination of women and the unequal status of girls and women in society

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34
Q

Heterosexism

A

Prejudice or discrimination based on the assumption that heterosexuality is the “normal” state of being

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35
Q

Sexual objectification

A

Treating a person as an object for the purposes of sexual gratification

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36
Q

Queer theory

A

A theory that challenges binary categories for gender and sexuality and provides a framework for analyzing the ways that institutions and social norms privilege some people and identities over others

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37
Q

Intersectionality

A

A theoretical perspective that considers multiple, interacting social categories (e.g., gender and race) and how these affect access to power and resources in society

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38
Q

Empirical

A

Derived from or based on observation and experimentation

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39
Q

Hypothesis

A

A precise prediction about behaviour that is often derived from theory and past research

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40
Q

Statistical significance

A

A relationship found between variables that is likely real or “true” and is not attributed to chance

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41
Q

Mixed methods

A

The mixing of qualitative and quantitative data, methods, methodologies, and/or paradigms in a research study or set of related studies

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42
Q

Populations

A

A defined group of individuals known to have similar characteristics

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43
Q

Sample

A

Part of a population selected for a study

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44
Q

Representative sample

A

A research sample of participants who accurately represent the population of interest

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45
Q

Generalize

A

Use information from a particular case or sample to draw conclusions about a larger phenomenon or population

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46
Q

Random sample

A

A sample in which every member of a population has an equal chance of participating

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47
Q

Stratified sample

A

A random sample in which known subgroups of a population are represented in proportion to their numbers within the population

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48
Q

Volunteer bias

A

A systematic error due to the difference between who volunteer to participate in research studies and those who do not (e.g., their willingness to discuss sexual behaviour)

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49
Q

Variables

A

A person, place, thing, or phenomena researchers attempt to measure in research

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50
Q

Demographic

A

Concerning the vital statistics of a human population (e.g., gender, race, age, education)

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51
Q

Correlation

A

A statistical measure of the relationship between two variables

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52
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A statistic that expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables

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53
Q

Surveys

A

A detailed study of a sample obtained using a series on questions administered as questionnaires

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54
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which a test measures what it purports to measure

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55
Q

Reliability

A

The consistency or accuracy of a measure

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56
Q

Social desirability

A

A response bias caused by a subject’s tendency to provide a socially acceptable answer to a questionnaire or interview question

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57
Q

Vasocongestion

A

Congestion resulting from the flow of blood

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58
Q

Treatment

A

An experimental intervention (such as a test, drug, or sex education program) that’s administered to participants so its effects can be observed

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59
Q

External validity

A

The degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and people

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60
Q

Experiment

A

A scientific method that seeks to confirm cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables

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61
Q

Independent variable

A

A condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so its effects can be observed

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62
Q

Dependent variable

A

The condition in a scientific study that is believed to be affected by the independent variable(s). The results of the study are assessed by measuring changes in the dependent variable

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63
Q

Experimental group

A

A group of study participants who receive the experimental treatment

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64
Q

Control group

A

A group of study participants who do not receive the experimental treatment. All other conditions are kept the same for the control group as for the experimental group

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65
Q

Selection factor

A

A research bias that may operate when people are allowed to determine whether they will receive an experimental treatment

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66
Q

Focus group

A

A group of individuals brought together to share their attitudes about a specific topic

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67
Q

Case study

A

A carefully drawn, in-depth biography of an individual or a small group of individuals. This information may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and historical records

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68
Q

Observer bias

A

A bias whereby researchers influence the participants in a study or interpret the results of a study incorrectly as a result of their own assumptions

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69
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A study method in which organisms are observed in their natural environments

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70
Q

Ecological validity

A

The extent to which research findings would generalize in everyday life

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71
Q

Replicate

A

Reproducing study methods and conditions

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72
Q

Ethnographic observation

A

A study method in which behaviours and customs are observed within a group’s native environment

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73
Q

Participant observation

A

A study method in which observers interact with their subjects as they collect data

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74
Q

Informed consent

A

Agreement to participate in research after receiving adequate information about the purposes and nature of the study and about its potential risks and benefits

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75
Q

Vulva

A

The external sexual structures of the female

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76
Q

Mons veneris

A

A mound of fatty tissue that covers the pubic bone (the joining of pelvic bones at the front of the body, below the abdomen and above the clitoris). The mons veneris is also known as the mons pubis, or simply the mons

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77
Q

Labia majora

A

Large folds of skin that run downward from the mons along the sides of the vulva

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78
Q

Labia minora

A

Hairless, light coloured folds of skin located between the labia majora

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79
Q

Clitoris

A

A female sex organ consisting of a shaft and a glans, located above the urethral opening. It’s extremely sensitive to sexual sensation

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80
Q

Corpora cavernosa

A

Masses of spongy tissue in the clitoral shaft that become engorged with blood and stiffen in response to sexual stimulation

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81
Q

Prepuce

A

The fold of skin covering the glans of the clitoris (or the penis, in male)

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82
Q

Homologous

A

Similar in structure; developing from the same embryonic tissue

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83
Q

Analogous

A

Similar in function

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84
Q

Clitoridectomy

A

Partial or complete removal of the clitoris

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85
Q

Urethral opening

A

The opening through which urine passes from the female’s body

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86
Q

Cystitis

A

An inflammation of the urinary bladder

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87
Q

Introitus

A

The vaginal opening

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88
Q

Hymen

A

A fold of tissue across the vaginal opening that’s usually present at birth and remains at least partially intact until a woman engages in sexual intercourse

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89
Q

Perineum

A

The skin and underlying tissue that lies between the vaginal opening that the anus

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90
Q

Episiotomy

A

A surgical incision in the perineum that may be made during childbirth to protect the vagina from tearing

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91
Q

Sphincters

A

Ring-shaped muscles that surround the body openings, which they open or close by expanding or contracting

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92
Q

Crura

A

Anatomic structures resembling legs that attach the clitoris to the pubic bone. Singular “crus”

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93
Q

Vestibular bulbs

A

Cavernous structures that extend downward along the sides of the introitus and swell during sexual arousal

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94
Q

Vagina

A

The tubular sex organ that contains the penis during sexual intercourse and through which a baby is born

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95
Q

Bartholin’s glands

A

Glands that lie just inside the minor lips and secrete fluids just before orgasm

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96
Q

Pubococcygeus muscle

A

The muscle that encircles the entrance to the vagina

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97
Q

Douche

A

Application of a jet fluid to the vagina as a rinse. From the Italian “doccia” which means “shower bath”

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98
Q

Vaginitis

A

Vaginal inflammation

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99
Q

Cervix

A

The lower end of the uterus

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100
Q

Os

A

The opening or middle of the cervix

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101
Q

Uterus

A

The hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ in which a fertilized ovum implants and develops until birth

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102
Q

Radiotherapy

A

Treatment of a disease by X-rays or by emissions from a radioactive substance

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103
Q

Pap test

A

Examination of a sample of cervical cells for cervical cancer and other abnormalities.

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104
Q

Ovum

A

Egg cell. Plural “ova”

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105
Q

Endometrium

A

The innermost layer of the uterus

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106
Q

Endometriosis

A

A condition caused by the growth of endometrial tissue in the abdominal cavity, or elsewhere outside the uterus, and characterized by menstrual pain

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107
Q

Hysterectomy

A

Surgical removal of the uterus

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108
Q

Complete hysterectomy

A

Surgical removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, and uterus

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109
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

Tubes that extend from the upper uterus toward the ovaries, conducting ova to the uterus

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110
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

A pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube

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111
Q

Ovaries

A

Almond-shaped organs that produce ova and the hormones estrogen and progesterone. These hormones are part of the endocrine system

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112
Q

Estrogen

A

A generic term for female sex hormones or synthetic compounds that promote the development of female sex characteristics and regulate the menstrual cycle

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113
Q

Progesterone

A

A steroid hormone that stimulates proliferation of the endometrium and is involved in regulation of the menstrual cycle. Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum or prepared synthetically

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114
Q

Follicle

A

A capsule within an ovary, containing an ovum

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115
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Traits that distinguish women from men but are not directly involved in reproduction

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116
Q

Mammary glands

A

Milk-secreting glands

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117
Q

Areola

A

The dark ring on the breast that encircles the nipple

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118
Q

Cysts

A

Saclike structures filled with fluid or diseased material

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119
Q

Benign

A

Doing little or no harm

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120
Q

Malignant

A

Lethal; causing or likely to cause death

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121
Q

Mammography

A

A special type of X-ray test that detects cancerous lumps

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122
Q

Lumpectomy

A

Surgical removal of a (usually cancerous) lump from the breast

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123
Q

Mastectomy

A

Surgical removal of all or part of the breast

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124
Q

Ovulation

A

The process by which a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and releases an ovum

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125
Q

Corpus luteum

A

An ovarian follicle that has released an ovum. The corpus luteum remains in existence only if pregnancy begins

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126
Q

Endocrine gland

A

A gland that secretes a hormone directly into he blood, rather than through a duct. Examples include the thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands, as well as the ovaries and testes

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127
Q

Menarche

A

The first menstrual period

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128
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A bundle of neural cell bodies involved in regulating body temperature, motivation, and emotion. It’s located near the centre of the brain

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129
Q

Pituitary gland

A

The gland that secretes growth hormone, prolactin, oxytocin, and other hormones

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130
Q

Hormones

A

A substance secreted by an endocrine gland to regulate various body functions

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131
Q

Testes

A

The male gonads

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132
Q

Testosterone

A

The male sex hormone that fosters development of male sex characteristics and is connected with the sex drive

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133
Q

Proliferative phase

A

The first phase of the menstrual cycle, which begins with the end of menstruation and lasts about 9 or 10 days. During this phase, the endometrium proliferates

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134
Q

Ovulatory phase

A

The second stage of the menstrual cycle. This is when the follicle ruptures and releases a mature ovum

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135
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized ovum (egg cell)

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136
Q

Secretory phase

A

The third phase of the menstrual cycle, following the ovulatory phase. Also referred to as the luteal phase, after the corpus luteum, which begins to secrete large amounts of progesterone and estrogen after ovulation

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137
Q

Menstrual phase

A

The fourth phase of the menstrual cycle, when the endometrium is sloughed off in the menstrual flow

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138
Q

Tampons

A

A cylindrical plug of cotton that’s inserted into the vagina and left in place to absorb menstrual fluid.

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139
Q

Menopause

A

The cessation of menstruation

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140
Q

Perimenopause

A

The beginning of menopause, usually characterized by 3 to 11 months of amenorrhea (lack of menstruation) or irregular periods. Perimenopause ends with menopause

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141
Q

Climacteric

A

A long-term process, including menopause, that involves the gradual decline in the reproductive capacity of the ovaries

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142
Q

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

A

Postmenopausal replacement of naturally occurring estrogen or estrogen and progesterone with synthetic (or sometimes natural) equivalents.

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143
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Pain or discomfort during menstruation

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144
Q

Primary dysmenorrhea

A

Menstrual pain or discomfort that occurs in the absence of known organic problems

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145
Q

Secondary dysmenorrhea

A

Menstruation pain or discomfort caused by identified organic problems

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146
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Hormones that cause muscle fibres in the uterine wall to contract, as during labour

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147
Q

Mastalgia

A

A swelling of the breasts that sometimes causes premenstrual discomfort

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148
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Absence of menstruation

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149
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Absence of menstruation in a woman who has never menstruated

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150
Q

Secondary amenorrhea

A

Absence of menstruation in a woman who has previously menstruated

151
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

A psychological disorder characterized by a desire to lose weight by refusing to eat

152
Q

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

A combination of physical and psychological symptoms (such as anxiety, depression, irritability, weight gain from fluid retention, and abdominal discomfort) that regularly affects many women during the four- to six- day interval that preceded their menses each month

153
Q

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD)

A

A diagnosis used by the American Psychiatric Association to describe cases of PMS that are characterized by extreme changes in mood and impairment of functioning at work, at school, or in social relationships

154
Q

Phallic symbols

A

Images of the penis that are usually suggestive of generative power

155
Q

Testes

A

The male sex glands, suspended in the scrotum. They produce sperm cells and male sex hormones. Singular testis

156
Q

Testicles

A

Testes

157
Q

Penis

A

The male organ of sexual intercourse

158
Q

Corpora cavernosa

A

Two cylinders of spongy tissue in the penis that become congested with blood and stiffen during sexual arousal

159
Q

Corpus spongiosum

A

The spongy body that runs along the bottom of the penis, contains the penile urethra, and enlarges the tip of the penis to form the glans

160
Q

Corona

A

The ridge that separates the glans from the body of the penis

161
Q

Frenulum

A

The sensitive strip of tissue that connects the underside of the penile glans to the shaft

162
Q

Root

A

The base of the penis, which extends into the pelvis

163
Q

Shaft

A

The body of the penis, which expands as a result of vasocongestion

164
Q

Foreskin

A

The loose skin that covers the penile glans in an uncircumcised male. It’s also referred to as the “prepuce”

165
Q

Circumcision

A

Surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis

166
Q

Phimosis

A

An abnormal condition in which the foreskin is so tight that it cannot be withdrawn from the glans

167
Q

Scrotum

A

The pouch of loose skin that contains the testes

168
Q

Spermatic cord

A

The cord that suspends a testicle within the scrotum and contains a vas deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and the cremaster muscle

169
Q

Vas deferens

A

A tube that conducts sperm from the testicle to the ejaculatory duct of the penis. Plural “vas deferentia”

170
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

The muscle that raises and lowers the testicle in response to temperature change and sexual stimulation

171
Q

Germ cells

A

A cell from which a new organism develops

172
Q

Sperm

A

The male germ cell, which fertilizes the ovum

173
Q

Spermatozoa

A

Mature male germ cells, which fertilize the ova

174
Q

Androgens

A

The male sex hormones

175
Q

Testosterone

A

A male steroid sex hormone

176
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Traits that distinguish the genders but are not directly involved in reproduction

177
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A

A tiny, winding, sperm-producing tube located within the lobe of the testis

178
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

The process by which sperm cells are produced and developed

179
Q

Epididymis

A

A tube that lies against the back wall of the testicle and serves as a storage facility for the sperm

180
Q

Vasectomy

A

A sterilization operation in which the vas deferentia are severed

181
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

A small gland that lies behind the bladder and secretes a fluid that combines with sperm in the ejaculatory duct

182
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

A duct formed by the convergence of a vas deferens and a seminal vesicle. Sperm travels via the ejaculatory duct through the prostate gland and into the urethra

183
Q

Andropause

A

A decline in testosterone resulting in symptoms such as reduced energy, muscle mass, and desire for sex as well as problems with erection

184
Q

Human growth hormone (HGH)

A

A hormone that helps maintain muscle strength and that may help prevent fat buildup

185
Q

Prostate gland

A

The gland that lies beneath the bladder and secretes prostatic fluid, which gives semen its characteristic odour and texture

186
Q

Cowper’s gland

A

A structure that lies below the prostate and empties into the urethra during sexual arousal

187
Q

Semen

A

The whitish fluid that constitutes the ejaculate, consisting of sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper’s glands

188
Q

Urologist

A

A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the urogenital system

189
Q

Urethritis

A

An inflammation of the bladder or urethra

190
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

A condition in which at least one of the testicles fails to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum

191
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A

Enlargement of the prostate gland, due to hormonal changes associated with aging. Its characterized by urinary frequency, urinary urgency, and difficulty starting the flow of urine

192
Q

Prostatitis

A

Inflammation of the prostate gland

193
Q

Erection

A

The enlargement and stiffening of the penis as a consequence of its engorgement with blood

194
Q

Performance anxiety

A

Feelings of worry about being able to function successfully with respect to sexual activity (or any other activity that might be judged by another person)

195
Q

Sacrum

A

The thick, triangular bone located near the bottom of the spinal column

196
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

The division of the nervous system that regulates automatic bodily processes, such as heartbeat, pupil dilation, respiration, and digestion

197
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

The division of the nervous system that regulates voluntary movements, such as wiggling a toe or waving an arm

198
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

The branch of the ANS more active during emotional responses that draw on the body’s reserves for energy, such as fear and anxiety. The sympathetic ANS largely controls ejaculation

199
Q

Parasympathetic

A

The branch of the ANS most active during processes that restore the body’s reserves of energy, such as digestion. The parasympathetic ANS largely controls erection

200
Q

Peyronie’s disease

A

An abnormal condition characterized by an excessive curvature of the penis, which can make erection painful

201
Q

Priapism

A

Persistent and painful erection of the penis

202
Q

Orgasm

A

The climax of sexual excitement

203
Q

Paraplesia

A

Sensory and motor paralysis of the lower half of the body

204
Q

Emission stage

A

The first phase of ejaculation, which involves contractions of the prostate gland, the seminal vesicles, and the upper part of the vas deferens

205
Q

Ampulla

A

A sac or dilated part of a tube or canal

206
Q

Urethral bulb

A

The small tube that makes up the prostatic part of the urethral tract. It balloons out as muscles close at either end, trapping semen prior to ejaculation

207
Q

Expulsion stage

A

The second stage of ejaculation, during which muscles at the base of the penis and elsewhere contract rhythmically, forcefully expelling semen and generally providing pleasurable sensations

208
Q

Retrogade ejaculation

A

Ejaculation in which the ejaculate empties into the bladder

209
Q

Sexual response cycle

A

Masters and Johnson’s model of sexual response, which consists of four phases

210
Q

Vasocongestion

A

Swelling of the genital tissues with blood that causes erection of the penis and engorgement of the area surrounding the vaginal opening

211
Q

Myotonia

A

Muscle tension

212
Q

Excitement phase

A

The first phase of the sexual response cycle characterized by erection in the male, vaginal lubrication in the female, and muscle tension and increased heart rate in both the male and female

213
Q

Sex flush

A

A reddish rash that appears on the chest or breasts late in the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle

214
Q

Plateau phase

A

The second phase of the sexual response cycle characterized by increased vasocongestion, muscle tension, heart rate, and blood pressure, in preparation for orgasm

215
Q

Orgasmic platform

A

Thickening of the walls of the outer one third of the vagina (due to vasocongestion) during the plateau phase of the sexual response cycle

216
Q

Sex skin

A

The reddened skin of the labia minora during the plateau phase

217
Q

Resolution phase

A

The fourth phase of the sexual response cycle, during which the body gradually returns to its pre-aroused state

218
Q

Refractory period

A

The time following a response (e.g., orgasm) when an individual no longer responds to stimulation

219
Q

Multiple orgasms

A

One or more additional orgasms following the first, occurring within a short period of time and before the body has returned to its pre-plateau level of arousal

220
Q

Placebo effect

A

The perception that the consumption of a substance results in an effect even though the substance does not contain properties that cause the effect to occur

221
Q

Anaphrodisiac

A

A drug or other agent whose effects are antagonistic to sexual arousal or sexual desire

222
Q

Antiandrogen

A

A drug that reduces the level of androgen in the blood system

223
Q

Erogenous zones

A

Parts of the body, including but not limited to the sex organs, that are responsive to sexual stimulation

224
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The wrinkled surface area (grey matter) of the cerebrum (main part of the brain)

225
Q

Limbic system

A

A group of structures active in memory, motivation, and emotion. These structures form a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum

226
Q

Hormones

A

A substance, secreted by an endocrine gland, that regulates various body functions

227
Q

Hypogonadism

A

A condition marked by abnormally low levels of testosterone production

228
Q

Antiandrogens

A

A drug that reduces the levels of androgen in the blood system

229
Q

Ovariectomies

A

Surgical removal of the ovaries

230
Q

Cerebral palsy (CP)

A

A muscular disorder caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually before or during birth, and characterized by spastic paralysis

231
Q

Arthritis

A

A progressive disease characterized by inflammation of pain in the joints

232
Q

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

A developmental disability that includes difficulty with communication and social interaction and repetitive behaviours

233
Q

Gender

A

The behavioural, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with one sex. Gender is distinct from anatomic sex, which is based on the physical differences between females and males

234
Q

Sexual differentiation

A

The process by which males and females develop distinct reproductive anatomy

235
Q

Chromosomes

A

A rodlike structure found in the nucleus of every living cell. It carries the genetic code, in the form of genes.

236
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized ovum (egg cell)

237
Q

Embryo

A

The stage of prenatal development that begins with implantation of a fertilized ovum in the uterus and concludes with development of the major organ systems at about two months after conception

238
Q

Inguinal canal

A

A fetal canal that connects the scrotum and the testes, allowing the latter to descend

239
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

A condition in which at least one of the testes fails to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum

240
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

An individual who possesses both ovarian and testicular tissue

241
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

A

An intersex condition in which a genetic female has internal female structures and masculinized external genitals

242
Q

Gender dysphoria

A

A sense of incongruity between assigned sex and gender identity that causes significant distress

243
Q

Androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

A

An intersex condition in which a genetic male is prenatally insensitive to androgens. Genitals do not become normally masculinized and individuals are typically assigned female at birth.

244
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

A disorder in which a male has an extra X sex chromosome (XXY)

245
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

A disorder in which a female has just one X sex chromosome (X)

246
Q

Dominican Republic Syndrome

A

An intersex condition in which a genetic enzyme disorder prevents testosterone from masculinizing the external genitalia

247
Q

Gender identity

A

One’s inherent sense of being a boy or man, or girl or woman, or another gender

248
Q

Gender binary

A

A social system that classifies sex and gender into two distinct, opposite forms of masculine and feminine

249
Q

Sex assigned at birth

A

The classification of anatomic sex assigned to an individual at birth

250
Q

Intersex

A

Refers to an individual for whom the development of external and/or internal genitalia has been atypical

251
Q

Transgender

A

A person whose gender identity is different from their assigned sex at birth

252
Q

Agender

A

An umbrella term for people who don’t have a gender or who describe their gender as neutral

253
Q

Gender fluid

A

A changing or “fluid” gender identity

254
Q

Genderqueer

A

An identity adopted by people who do not identify or express their gender within the gender binary

255
Q

Two-spirited

A

A term describing a person who has both masculine and feminine spirits used in some Indigenous communities

256
Q

Transitioning

A

The activities that some trans people may use to begin living as the gender with which they identify rather than the gender they were assigned at birth

257
Q

Autogynephillic

A

Descriptive of transgender men who are sexually stimulated by fantasies that their own bodies are female

258
Q

Phalloplasty

A

Surgical creation of an artificial penis

259
Q

Zona pellucida

A

A gelatinous layer that surrounds an ovum

260
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

An enzyme that briefly thins the zona pellucida, enabling one sperm to penetrate

261
Q

Infertility

A

Inability to conceive a child

262
Q

Motility

A

Self-propulsion. Motility is the measure of the viability of sperm cells

263
Q

Autoimmune responses

A

The production of antibodies that attack naturally occurring substances that are (incorrectly) recognized as foreign or harmful

264
Q

Artificial insemination

A

The introduction of sperm into the reproductive tract through means of other sexual intercourse

265
Q

Endometriosis

A

A condition caused by the growth of endometrial tissue in the abdominal cavity, or elsewhere outside the uterus, and characterized by menstrual pain

266
Q

Laparoscopy

A

A medical procedure in which a long, narrow tube (a laparoscope) is inserted through an incision in the navel, permitting visual inspections of organs in the navel cavity

267
Q

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A

A method of conception where mature ova are surgically removed from an ovary and placed in a laboratory dish with a sperm

268
Q

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

A

A method of conception in which sperm and ova are inserted into a fallopian tube to encourage conception

269
Q

Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

A

A method of conception in which an ovum is fertilized in a laboratory dish, then placed in a fallopian tube

270
Q

Donor IVF

A

A variation of in vitro fertilization in which an ovum is taken from one woman, fertilized, and injected into the uterus or fallopian tube of another woman

271
Q

Embryonic transfer

A

A method of conception in which a female volunteer is artificially inseminated by the male partner of the intended mother, then the embryo is removed from the volunteer and inserted into the uterus of the intended mother

272
Q

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

A

A method of conception in which a single sperm is injected directly into an ovum

273
Q

Surrogate mother

A

A woman who is impregnated with the sperm of a prospective father via artificial insemination, carries the embryo and fetus to term, and then gives the child to the prospective parents

274
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

A hormone produced by a woman shortly after conception. hCG stimulates the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone. The presence of hCG in a woman’s urine indicates that she is pregnant.

275
Q

Morning sickness

A

Symptoms of pregnancy, including nausea, aversions to specific foods, and vomiting

276
Q

Miscarriage

A

A spontaneous abortion

277
Q

Germinal stage

A

The period of prenatal development before implantation in the uterus

278
Q

Period of the Ovum

A

germinal stage

279
Q

Blastocyst

A

An embryo that consists of a sphere of cells surrounding a cavity of fluid. This occurs at the germinal stage of embryonic development

280
Q

Embryonic stage

A

The stage of prenatal development that lasts from implantation through the eighth week. It’s characterized by differentiation of the major organ systems

281
Q

Amniotic sac

A

The sac containing the fetus

282
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

Fluid within the amniotic sac. It suspends and protects the fetus

283
Q

Placenta

A

An organ connected to the fetus by the umbilical cord. The placenta serves as a relay station between the mother and the fetus, allowing the exchange of nutrients and wastes

284
Q

Umbilical cord

A

A tube that connects the placenta to the fetus

285
Q

Teratogens

A

Environmental influences or agents that can damage an embryo or fetus

286
Q

Critical period of vulnerability

A

A period when an embryo or fetus is vulnerable to the effects of a teratogen

287
Q

Rubella

A

A viral infection that causes deafness, intellectual disabilities, and heart disease in an embryo. It’s also called German measles.

288
Q

Syphilis

A

A sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial infection

289
Q

Stillbirth

A

Birth of a dead fetus

290
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

A condition caused by HIV that destroys white blood cells in the immune system, leaving the body vulnerable to various “opportunistic” diseases

291
Q

Pregnancy-induced hypertension

A

A life-threatening condition characterized by high blood pressure

292
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

A pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube

293
Q

Rh incompatibility

A

A condition in which antibodies produced by a pregnant woman are transmitted to the fetus, where they may cause brain damage or death

294
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

A cluster of symptoms in the infant caused by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. These symptoms are typified by developmental lags, characteristic facial features, and a smaller-than-average body and brain

295
Q

Braxton-hicks contractions

A

So-called false labour contractions, which are relatively painless

296
Q

Efface

A

Cause to become thin

297
Q

Dilate

A

Open or widen

298
Q

Transition

A

The process during which the cervix becomes almost fully dilated and infant’s head begins to move in birth canal

299
Q

Episiotomy

A

A surgical incision in the perineum that widens the birth canal, preventing random tearing during childbirth

300
Q

Perineum

A

The area between the vulva and the anus

301
Q

Lamaze method

A

A childbirth method during which a woman learns how to relax and breathe in patterns that conserve energy and lessen pain, with the help of a coach (usually the father) who’s present during the birth. AKA prepared childbirth

302
Q

Caesarean section

A

A method of childbirth in which the fetus is delivered through a surgical incision in the abdomen

303
Q

Transverse position

A

A crosswise birth position

304
Q

Midwife

A

A health professional who provides primary care to a woman and her baby during pregnancy, labour, birth, and and the postpartum period

305
Q

Preterm

A

Born before 37 weeks of gestation

306
Q

Postpartum

A

Following birth

307
Q

Prolactin

A

A pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production. It comes from root words that mean “for milk”

308
Q

Lactation

A

Production of milk by the mammary glands

309
Q

Lochia

A

A reddish vaginal discharge that may persist for a month after childbirth

310
Q

Condom

A

A sheath made of latex, polyurethane/polisophene or animal membrane (lambskin) that covers the penis and serves as a barrier to sperm following ejaculation

311
Q

Oral contraceptive

A

A contraceptive that consists of sex hormones and is swallowed

312
Q

Combination pill

A

A birth-control pill that contains estrogen and progesterone

313
Q

Minipill

A

A birth-control pill that contains synthetic progesterone, but no estrogen

314
Q

Intrauterine devices (IUDs)

A

A small object that is inserted into the uterus and left in place to prevent conception

315
Q

Diaphragm

A

A shallow rubber cup or dome that’s fitted to the contours of a woman’s vagina. It is used with spermicide and inserted before intercourse, to prevent conception

316
Q

Calendar method

A

A fertility-awareness (rhythm) method of contraception that relies on predicting ovulation by tracking menstrual cycles, typically for 10 to 12 months, and assuming that ovulation occurs 14 days before menstruation

317
Q

Basal-body-temperature (BBT) method

A

A fertility-awareness method of contraception that relies on predicting ovulation by tracking the woman’s temperature during the course of the menstrual cycle

318
Q

Ovulation method

A

A fertility-awareness method of contraception that relies on predicting ovulation by tracking the viscosity of cervical mucus

319
Q

Viscosity

A

Stickiness, consistency

320
Q

Peak days

A

The days during the menstrual cycle when a woman is most likely to be fertile

321
Q

Sterilization

A

Surgical procedures that render people incapable f reproduction, without affecting sexual activity

322
Q

Vasectomy

A

A permanent contraceptive method for men in which each vas deferens is cut and tied back or cauterized, to prevent sperm from reaching the urethra

323
Q

Tubal ligation

A

The most common method of permanent contraception among women, in which the fallopian tubes are surgically blocked, to prevent the meeting of the sperm and ova. It’s also called tubal sterilization

324
Q

Minilaparotomy

A

A kind of tubal sterilization in which a small incision is made in the abdomen to provide access to the fallopian tubes

325
Q

Colpotomy

A

A kind of tubal sterilization in which the fallopian tubes are approached through an incision in the back wall of the vagina

326
Q

Hysterectomy

A

Surgical removal of the uterus

327
Q

Douche

A

Application of a jet of fluid to the vagina as a rinse.

328
Q

Induced abortion

A

The purposeful termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus is capable of sustaining independent life

329
Q

Vacuum aspiration

A

Removal of the uterine contents via an aspirator (suction machine)

330
Q

Dilation and evacuation (D&E)

A

Removal of the uterine contents via suction tube and forceps. The uterine wall may be scraped, to ensure the lining has been fully removed.

331
Q

Gender Identity

A

One’s inherent sense of being a boy or a man, or a girl or a woman, or another gender

332
Q

Gender binary

A

A social system that classifies sex and gender into two distinct, opposite forms of masculine and feminine

333
Q

Sex assigned at birth (assigned sex)

A

The classification of anatomic sex assigned to an individual at birth

334
Q

Intersex

A

Refers to an individual for whom the development of external and/or internal genitalia has been atypical

335
Q

Cisgender

A

A gender identity that matches sex assigned at birth

336
Q

Intersexuality

A

Atypical development of the external and/or internal genetalia

337
Q

Transgender

A

A person whose gender identity is different from their assigned sex at birth

338
Q

Agender

A

An umbrella term for people who do not have a gender or who describe their gender as neutral

339
Q

Gender fluid

A

A changing or “fluid” gender identity

340
Q

Genderqueer

A

An identity adopted by people who do not identify or express their gender within the gender binary

341
Q

Two-spirited

A

A term describing a person who has both masculine and feminine spirits used in some Indigenous communities

342
Q

Transitioning

A

The activities that some trans people may use to begin living as the gender with which they identify rather than the gender they were assigned at birth

343
Q

Autogynephilic

A

Descriptive transgender men who are sexually stimulated by fantasies that their own bodies are female

344
Q

Gender roles

A

Complex clusters of ways men and women are expected to behave

345
Q

Sexism

A

The prejudgement that a person will possess certain traits because of gender

346
Q

Gender typing

A

The process by which a child acquires behaviours deemed appropriate for his or her gender

347
Q

Oedipus complex

A

In psychoanalytic theory, a conflict of the phallic stage in which the boy wishes to possess his mother sexually and perceives his father as a rival for love

348
Q

Socialization

A

The process by which an individual is guided into socially acceptable behaviour patterns through information, rewards, and punishment

349
Q

Schemas

A

A concept, or way of interpreting experience or processing information

350
Q

Gender stability

A

The concept that people retain their genders for a lifetime

351
Q

Gender constancy

A

The concept that people’s genders do not change, even if they alter their dress or behaviour

352
Q

Gender schemas

A

A cluster of mental representations about male and female physical qualities, behaviours, and personality traits

353
Q

Traditional sexual script

A

A sexual script based on stereotypical standards for sexual behaviour that dictates that males take an assertive and active role in heterosexual interaction while women tale take a receptive and passive role

354
Q

Psychological androgyny

A

A state characterized by possession of both stereotypical masculine traits and stereotypical feminine traits

355
Q

Canadian guidelines for sexual health education

A

A document developed by experts from across Canada to guide professionals in providing sexual health education
Assessment and Planning
Intervention
Evaluation

356
Q

Information-motivation-behavioural skills (IMB) model

A

A theoretical model that utilizes information, motivation, and behavioural skills to promote sexual heath

357
Q

Abstinence-only programs

A

An ineffective approach to sexual health education that focuses only on persuading teens not to be sexually active

358
Q

Broadly based sexual health education

A

An approach that provides students with a broad range of relevant sexual health information so that they can make informed decisions

359
Q

Puberty

A

The stage of development when reproduction first becomes possible. Puberty begins with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and ends when the long bones make no further gains in length

360
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Physical characteristics that differentiate males and females, usually appearing at puberty but not directly involved in reproduction. Examples include bodily distribution of hair and fat, development of muscle mass, and deepening of the voice

361
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Physical characteristics that differentiate males and females and are directly involved in reproduction. These are the sex organs

362
Q

Menarche

A

The first menstrual period

363
Q

Anovulatory

A

Without ovulation

364
Q

Serial monogamy

A

A pattern of becoming involved in one exclusive relationship after another, as opposed to engaging in multiple sexual relationships at the same time

365
Q

Monogamy

A

Marriage to one person

366
Q

Polygamy

A

Simultaneous marriage to more than one person

367
Q

Polygyny

A

A form of marriage in which a man is married to more than one woman at the same time

368
Q

Polyandry

A

A form of marriage in which a woman is married to more than one man at the same time

369
Q

Homogamy

A

The practice of marrying someone who is similar to yourself in social background and standing

370
Q

Conventional adultery

A

Extramarital sex that’s kept hidden from one’s spouse

371
Q

Consensual adultery

A

Extramarital sex that’s engaged in openly, with the knowledge and consent of one’s spouse

372
Q

Swinging

A

A form of consensual adultery in which both spouses share extramarital sexual experiences (aka mate swapping)

373
Q

Comarital sex

A

Swinging or mate swapping

374
Q

Polyamory

A

Any form of open relationship that allows for consensual sex and/or emotional interactions with more than one partner

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