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PSYO 310 > psyo 310 > Flashcards

psyo 310 Flashcards

1
Q

Dr. Mamie Phipps Clark’s findings

A

were used in the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case that ended school segregation

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

more than 65% of Black children from segregated schools

A

identified the White doll as the one they liked best

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4
Q

multimodal classical conditioning

A

as a result of verbal, visual, physical experiences

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5
Q

Dr. Mamie Phipps Clark

A

experimental psychologist, studied racial preferences in Black children in integrated schools compared to segregated schools

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

representation of reward connection with PFC and motor cortex

A

goal-directed behaviour

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8
Q

instrumental learning

A

direct interaction in social exchanges; associated with activity in the striatum

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9
Q

feedback-based reward reinforcement

A

you meet someone and say hi, they response with screw you, you learn that you dont want a relationship with them

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10
Q

social knowledge

A

semantic knowledge, about people and groups linked to anterior temporal lobe (ATL)

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11
Q

stereotyping involves encoding, storage and retrieval

A

of group-based concepts in the working memory

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12
Q

latent structure learning

A

non-conflict-based group perception; picking up on ambiguous stimuli

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13
Q

vmPFC

A

thinking about self and others’ traits; categorizing in-group members

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14
Q

dACC and anterior insula activity

A

preference for in-group members

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15
Q

activity in the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) and orbital frontal cortex

A

+ stimulus perception ~ fusiform cortex informs perception of social category membership

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16
Q

multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA)

A

the volume of the brain region is made up of little cubes

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17
Q

release of noradrenaline

A

usually follows delivery of categorization decision

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18
Q

oddball task

A

associated with P300 (450-600ms)

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19
Q

time course of social categorization N200

A

originates in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC)

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20
Q

white american participants have larger N200 responses to

A

white than black faces

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21
Q

larger P200 to

A

armed targets, Black targets

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22
Q

participants decided NOT to shoot unarmed

A

White target more quickly

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23
Q

participants shot armed

A

Black targets more quickly

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24
Q

P200 and racial bias (first-person shooter game)

A

explicit measures of cultural stereotypes predicted ERP data

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25
Q

P200

A

positive direction at around 200ms

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26
Q

goal-directed attention & perceptual matching

A

generally larger in White participants viewing Black faces

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27
Q

occipitotemporal and occipitoparietal regions

A

visual stimulus is being processed here; early orienting and attention to stimulus

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28
Q

N100

A

negative direction at around the 100ms

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29
Q

stronger early neural response to

A

Black over White faces

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30
Q

White American participants viewed pictures of White and Black faces

A

neural activity at 120 ms

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31
Q

event-related potentials (ERPs)

A

pattern of neural activity that is time-locked to a specific event

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32
Q

reconsolidating (relearning)

A

reactivated memories are stabilized again, active memories can be modified

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33
Q

short term memory to long term memory

A

later retrieval: working memory

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34
Q

extinction treatment for PTSD

A

conditioned stimulus is no longer associated with the aversive unconditioned sitmulus

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35
Q

habituation treatment for PTSD

A

weakening of intensity of response to a stimulus over time

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36
Q

vmPFC in particular can

A

inhibit amygdala activity to reduce subjective distress

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37
Q

mPFC and hippocampus regulate amygdala output to subcortical brain regions hypothalamus

A

heart rate, blood pressure, brainstem regions like the reticular formation

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38
Q

signal travels to central amygdala

A

then to the hypothalamus and other brainstem structures (reticular nucleus)

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39
Q

sensory information is integrated with unconditioned stimulus information

A

in the lateral nucleus (LA)

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40
Q

primary brain regions regulating fear and threat responses

A

amygdala, hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex (dorsal dmPFC and ventral vmPFC subdivisions), orbitofrontal cortex OFC, anterior cingulate cortex ACC

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41
Q

avoidance symptoms

A

car accident on a certain stress, person doesn’t drive down that street

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42
Q

example of classical fear conditioning

A

startle reflex, increased respiration and pairing with a stimulus = firework

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43
Q

classical fear conditioning

A

pairing of an innate response with an unconditional stimulus

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44
Q

intrusive recollection

A

intense or prolonged distress after exposure to traumatic reminders

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45
Q

1F promoter of GR gene methylation changes in F1 offspring

A

of mothers (F0) exposed to intimate partner violence

46
Q

mating F0 olfactory fear conditioned animals

A

F1 males: enhanced behavioural sensitivity to acetophenone; cross-fostering and IVF: persistence

47
Q

acetophenone activates M71-expressing OSNs

A

more M71 neurons found in nose of trained animals; mores OSN axons converge into larger glomerulus in olfactory bulb

48
Q

olfactory fear conditioning

A

fear toward odour paired with aversive stimulus

49
Q

BDNF was increased in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of F1 generation

A

F0 rats cocaine

50
Q

F0 rats exposed/self-administered cocaine for 60 days

A

F1 male offspring delayed acquisition to self-administer

51
Q

one cell-one receptor rule

A

each OSN only expresses a single odorant receptor gene

52
Q

process the mint odour

A

M72 OSNs and glomeruli

53
Q

process the cherry odour

A

M71-expressing olfactory neurons (OSNs)

54
Q

diet of pregnant mouse supplemented with cherry or mint odour

A

offspring exhibit preference; increased volume of olfactory bulbs of glomeruli

55
Q

male subjected to chronic stress for 6 weeks prior to mating

A

reduced responsiveness of stress pathway in F1, miRNA profile altered in F0 sperm

56
Q

social defeat

A

severe stressor in rodents, resident-intruder model

57
Q

maltreatment during postnatal care of F0 rats

A

effects in F1 generation, altered epigenetic signature of BDNF in the prefrontal cortex

58
Q

in-utero and post-natal perturbation given to F0 mother

A

should affect the F1 generation and germline that will generate F2 offspring therefore seen in F3 offspring

59
Q

pre-conceptual perturbations (i.e. stress) to the F0 generation should affect

A

all germ cells of F0 parents that will generate F1 offspring and seen in F2 offspring

60
Q

biological inheritance

A

gametes are epigenetically marked by a salient environmental event (e.g. stress)

61
Q

dissipation

A

effects dissipate over time through generations if they were not embedded in the genetic code

62
Q

cross fostering

A

a pup from a well-groomed mother interacts with a badly-groomed mother, over time the pup’s grooming habits will change

63
Q

social transmission can exhibit

A

reversibility of effects

64
Q

social transmission option 2

A

indirect interaction via maternal rearing environments influencing descendant biology

65
Q

social transmission option 1

A

direct interaction between ancestor and descendent generation

66
Q

childhood trauma —> geno-type dependent chromatin conformation change

A

—> reduction in FKBP5 methylation at GREs —> increased FKBP5 transcription

67
Q

FKBP5 SNP + childhood trauma

A

leads to PTSD development

68
Q

single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)

A

1 nucleotide in a DNA sequence is altered

69
Q

fkbp5 mRNA elevated in

A

chronic stress in hippocampus, hypothalamus and blood (mice)

70
Q

fkbp5 is critical for

A

mediating coping responses to stress

71
Q

fkpb5 transcription and translation

A

is increased via GRE acitivty

72
Q

GR translocation to the nucleus

A

binds the glucocorticoid response elements (GRE)

73
Q

stress cortisol binding

A

fkbp5 is replaced by fkbp4

74
Q

limits hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) activation

A

FK506 binding protein 5

75
Q

FK506 binding protein 5 (fkbp5)

A

gene that regulates GR receptor function and translocation into the cell interior

76
Q

glucocorticoid receptor (GR)

A

signaling i.e. cortisol

77
Q

acute stress

A

increased H3K9me3 and increased histone methyltransferase activity

78
Q

decreased niR-192

A

actin (microfilaments of the cytoskeleton)

79
Q

increased miR-34a

A

notch signalling pathway (cell-cell communication)

80
Q

dicer knockout

A

ex. morris water maze showed enhanced performance

81
Q

dicer

A

enzyme critical for producing mature miRNAs by mediating RNA cleavage

82
Q

inhibition of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)

A

impairs contextual and auditory fear memory formation

83
Q

when learning is happening you see an increase in

A

homer1a production

84
Q

reduction of H3K9me2

A

at homer1a gene promoter

85
Q

gene promoter

A

region where you start the expression of the gene

86
Q

H3K9me2

A

inhibits memory and suppresses genes

87
Q

H3K4me3

A

promotes memory and supports genes

88
Q

H3K4me3 and H3K9me2 can both be increased

A

after learning

89
Q

histone

A

basic protein abundant in lysine and arginine amino acids found in nuclei

90
Q

nucleosomes

A

scaffolded into chromatin

91
Q

post-translational modification of histone proteins

A

acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation

92
Q

where does post-translational modification of histone proteins occur?

A

at N terminus (-NH2 group); facilitation , suppression and RNA polymerase

93
Q

histone acetyltransferases (HATs)

A

add acetyl groups to lysine residues on histone tails

94
Q

histone deacetylases (HDACs)

A

remove acetyl groups; inhibit transcription

95
Q

histone methytransferase (HMT)

A

adds methyl groups to lysine on histone tails

96
Q

histone demethylases (HDMs)

A

remove methyl groups; increase/decrease in transcription after methylation modification depends which lysine and state of methylation (mono-, di-, tri-)

97
Q

cytosine DNA methylation

A

epigenetic modification usually at CpG dinucleotides

98
Q

CpG dinucleotides

A

when a cytosine is followed by a guanine in a DNA sequence; increase or decrease in transcription

99
Q

DNA methyltransferase (5mC)

A

tet protein-mediated hydroxylation of 5mC—–> 5hmC

100
Q

miRNA

A

small or long non-protein coding RNAs

101
Q

miRNA —> mRNA degradation or translational repression

A

transgenerational epigenetic inheritance

102
Q

contextual fear conditioning

A

novel environment, aversive stimulus, remove and return

103
Q

cued fear conditioning

A

controlled stimulus is added to the contextual conditioning paradigm; pair a stimulus i.e. sound with an electric shock

104
Q

reinstatement

A

extinguished controlled stimulus (CS) is preceded by the uncontrolled stimulus (US)

105
Q

renewal

A

return to the original fear learning context

106
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

return with the passage of time

107
Q

impairs fear learning

A

increased histone H3 acetylation in the hippocampus inhibits histone acetyltransferase (HAT)

108
Q

enhances fear learning and expedites extinction

A

inhibiting deacetylase (HDAC)

109
Q

histone 3

A

one of the types of histone proteins found along the genome, found to be extensively modified

110
Q

H3K4me3

A

third histone at the 4th lysine (K) has tri-methylation modification

111
Q

brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

A

protein that acts on neurons to encourage growth and survival

112
Q

increased H3K4me3

A

supports fear memory formation

PSYO 310 (3 decks)

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