psyo 310 Flashcards
1
Q
Dr. Mamie Phipps Clark’s findings
A
were used in the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case that ended school segregation
2
Q
A
3
Q
more than 65% of Black children from segregated schools
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identified the White doll as the one they liked best
4
Q
multimodal classical conditioning
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as a result of verbal, visual, physical experiences
5
Q
Dr. Mamie Phipps Clark
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experimental psychologist, studied racial preferences in Black children in integrated schools compared to segregated schools
6
Q
A
7
Q
representation of reward connection with PFC and motor cortex
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goal-directed behaviour
8
Q
instrumental learning
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direct interaction in social exchanges; associated with activity in the striatum
9
Q
feedback-based reward reinforcement
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you meet someone and say hi, they response with screw you, you learn that you dont want a relationship with them
10
Q
social knowledge
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semantic knowledge, about people and groups linked to anterior temporal lobe (ATL)
11
Q
stereotyping involves encoding, storage and retrieval
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of group-based concepts in the working memory
12
Q
latent structure learning
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non-conflict-based group perception; picking up on ambiguous stimuli
13
Q
vmPFC
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thinking about self and others’ traits; categorizing in-group members
14
Q
dACC and anterior insula activity
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preference for in-group members
15
Q
activity in the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) and orbital frontal cortex
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+ stimulus perception ~ fusiform cortex informs perception of social category membership
16
Q
multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA)
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the volume of the brain region is made up of little cubes
17
Q
release of noradrenaline
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usually follows delivery of categorization decision
18
Q
oddball task
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associated with P300 (450-600ms)
19
Q
time course of social categorization N200
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originates in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC)
20
Q
white american participants have larger N200 responses to
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white than black faces
21
Q
larger P200 to
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armed targets, Black targets
22
Q
participants decided NOT to shoot unarmed
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White target more quickly
23
Q
participants shot armed
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Black targets more quickly
24
Q
P200 and racial bias (first-person shooter game)
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explicit measures of cultural stereotypes predicted ERP data
25
P200
positive direction at around 200ms
26
goal-directed attention & perceptual matching
generally larger in White participants viewing Black faces
27
occipitotemporal and occipitoparietal regions
visual stimulus is being processed here; early orienting and attention to stimulus
28
N100
negative direction at around the 100ms
29
stronger early neural response to
Black over White faces
30
White American participants viewed pictures of White and Black faces
neural activity at 120 ms
31
event-related potentials (ERPs)
pattern of neural activity that is time-locked to a specific event
32
reconsolidating (relearning)
reactivated memories are stabilized again, active memories can be modified
33
short term memory to long term memory
later retrieval: working memory
34
extinction treatment for PTSD
conditioned stimulus is no longer associated with the aversive unconditioned sitmulus
35
habituation treatment for PTSD
weakening of intensity of response to a stimulus over time
36
vmPFC in particular can
inhibit amygdala activity to reduce subjective distress
37
mPFC and hippocampus regulate amygdala output to subcortical brain regions hypothalamus
heart rate, blood pressure, brainstem regions like the reticular formation
38
signal travels to central amygdala
then to the hypothalamus and other brainstem structures (reticular nucleus)
39
sensory information is integrated with unconditioned stimulus information
in the lateral nucleus (LA)
40
primary brain regions regulating fear and threat responses
amygdala, hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex (dorsal dmPFC and ventral vmPFC subdivisions), orbitofrontal cortex OFC, anterior cingulate cortex ACC
41
avoidance symptoms
car accident on a certain stress, person doesn't drive down that street
42
example of classical fear conditioning
startle reflex, increased respiration and pairing with a stimulus = firework
43
classical fear conditioning
pairing of an innate response with an unconditional stimulus
44
intrusive recollection
intense or prolonged distress after exposure to traumatic reminders
45
1F promoter of GR gene methylation changes in F1 offspring
of mothers (F0) exposed to intimate partner violence
46
mating F0 olfactory fear conditioned animals
F1 males: enhanced behavioural sensitivity to acetophenone; cross-fostering and IVF: persistence
47
acetophenone activates M71-expressing OSNs
more M71 neurons found in nose of trained animals; mores OSN axons converge into larger glomerulus in olfactory bulb
48
olfactory fear conditioning
fear toward odour paired with aversive stimulus
49
BDNF was increased in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of F1 generation
F0 rats cocaine
50
F0 rats exposed/self-administered cocaine for 60 days
F1 male offspring delayed acquisition to self-administer
51
one cell-one receptor rule
each OSN only expresses a single odorant receptor gene
52
process the mint odour
M72 OSNs and glomeruli
53
process the cherry odour
M71-expressing olfactory neurons (OSNs)
54
diet of pregnant mouse supplemented with cherry or mint odour
offspring exhibit preference; increased volume of olfactory bulbs of glomeruli
55
male subjected to chronic stress for 6 weeks prior to mating
reduced responsiveness of stress pathway in F1, miRNA profile altered in F0 sperm
56
social defeat
severe stressor in rodents, resident-intruder model
57
maltreatment during postnatal care of F0 rats
effects in F1 generation, altered epigenetic signature of BDNF in the prefrontal cortex
58
in-utero and post-natal perturbation given to F0 mother
should affect the F1 generation and germline that will generate F2 offspring therefore seen in F3 offspring
59
pre-conceptual perturbations (i.e. stress) to the F0 generation should affect
all germ cells of F0 parents that will generate F1 offspring and seen in F2 offspring
60
biological inheritance
gametes are epigenetically marked by a salient environmental event (e.g. stress)
61
dissipation
effects dissipate over time through generations if they were not embedded in the genetic code
62
cross fostering
a pup from a well-groomed mother interacts with a badly-groomed mother, over time the pup's grooming habits will change
63
social transmission can exhibit
reversibility of effects
64
social transmission option 2
indirect interaction via maternal rearing environments influencing descendant biology
65
social transmission option 1
direct interaction between ancestor and descendent generation
66
childhood trauma ---> geno-type dependent chromatin conformation change
---> reduction in FKBP5 methylation at GREs ---> increased FKBP5 transcription
67
FKBP5 SNP + childhood trauma
leads to PTSD development
68
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)
1 nucleotide in a DNA sequence is altered
69
fkbp5 mRNA elevated in
chronic stress in hippocampus, hypothalamus and blood (mice)
70
fkbp5 is critical for
mediating coping responses to stress
71
fkpb5 transcription and translation
is increased via GRE acitivty
72
GR translocation to the nucleus
binds the glucocorticoid response elements (GRE)
73
stress cortisol binding
fkbp5 is replaced by fkbp4
74
limits hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) activation
FK506 binding protein 5
75
FK506 binding protein 5 (fkbp5)
gene that regulates GR receptor function and translocation into the cell interior
76
glucocorticoid receptor (GR)
signaling i.e. cortisol
77
acute stress
increased H3K9me3 and increased histone methyltransferase activity
78
decreased niR-192
actin (microfilaments of the cytoskeleton)
79
increased miR-34a
notch signalling pathway (cell-cell communication)
80
dicer knockout
ex. morris water maze showed enhanced performance
81
dicer
enzyme critical for producing mature miRNAs by mediating RNA cleavage
82
inhibition of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)
impairs contextual and auditory fear memory formation
83
when learning is happening you see an increase in
homer1a production
84
reduction of H3K9me2
at homer1a gene promoter
85
gene promoter
region where you start the expression of the gene
86
H3K9me2
inhibits memory and suppresses genes
87
H3K4me3
promotes memory and supports genes
88
H3K4me3 and H3K9me2 can both be increased
after learning
89
histone
basic protein abundant in lysine and arginine amino acids found in nuclei
90
nucleosomes
scaffolded into chromatin
91
post-translational modification of histone proteins
acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation
92
where does post-translational modification of histone proteins occur?
at N terminus (-NH2 group); facilitation , suppression and RNA polymerase
93
histone acetyltransferases (HATs)
add acetyl groups to lysine residues on histone tails
94
histone deacetylases (HDACs)
remove acetyl groups; inhibit transcription
95
histone methytransferase (HMT)
adds methyl groups to lysine on histone tails
96
histone demethylases (HDMs)
remove methyl groups; increase/decrease in transcription after methylation modification depends which lysine and state of methylation (mono-, di-, tri-)
97
cytosine DNA methylation
epigenetic modification usually at CpG dinucleotides
98
CpG dinucleotides
when a cytosine is followed by a guanine in a DNA sequence; increase or decrease in transcription
99
DNA methyltransferase (5mC)
tet protein-mediated hydroxylation of 5mC-----> 5hmC
100
miRNA
small or long non-protein coding RNAs
101
miRNA ---> mRNA degradation or translational repression
transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
102
contextual fear conditioning
novel environment, aversive stimulus, remove and return
103
cued fear conditioning
controlled stimulus is added to the contextual conditioning paradigm; pair a stimulus i.e. sound with an electric shock
104
reinstatement
extinguished controlled stimulus (CS) is preceded by the uncontrolled stimulus (US)
105
renewal
return to the original fear learning context
106
spontaneous recovery
return with the passage of time
107
impairs fear learning
increased histone H3 acetylation in the hippocampus inhibits histone acetyltransferase (HAT)
108
enhances fear learning and expedites extinction
inhibiting deacetylase (HDAC)
109
histone 3
one of the types of histone proteins found along the genome, found to be extensively modified
110
H3K4me3
third histone at the 4th lysine (K) has tri-methylation modification
111
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
protein that acts on neurons to encourage growth and survival
112
increased H3K4me3
supports fear memory formation
