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Psychoacoustics > Psycoacoustics Lec 1-8 Exam 1 > Flashcards

Psycoacoustics Lec 1-8 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How is psychoacoustic fundamental to audiology?

A

•Need to understand how normal system works
•Need to understand the effects of hearing impairment
•Need to understand how hearing aids and cochlear
implants may help hearing
• Behavior is considered the “gold standard”

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2
Q

What is psycho acoustics ! (3)

A

relationship between acoustic
signals, the auditory system physiology, and the
psychological perception to sound, to explain
1. the auditory behavioral responses of listeners
2. the abilities and limitations of the ear
3. the complex processes that occur inside the brain

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3
Q

What did fechner interested and say?

A

Interested in the soul, and felt he was studying sensation to studying the soul

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4
Q

Psychophysics

A

Combing internal world with external world. Ex: physical world link with sensation (taste, hearing, etc)

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5
Q

So the process of physical aspect is manipulate or behavioral ?

A

Manipulate

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6
Q

So the process of perception aspect is manipulate or behavioral ?

A

Behavioral

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7
Q

Under physical aspects or manipulate what are the four audiology usage?

A

Acoustical :
Frequency
Amplitude
Spectrum
Duration

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8
Q

Under behavioral aspects or perception what are the four terms that can be used!

A

Perceptual:
Pitch
Loudness
Timbre
Perception of time

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9
Q

What the main difference between physical and perception measure?

A

Physical has precise measurement of physical quantity

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10
Q

So how exactly do we measure perception?

A

Sensation and perception are inherent arbitrary. Use appropriate methods-> to correct measure not bias, attention and memory

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11
Q

What is psychophysics

A

Study of the relationship between a physical stimulus (sound) and its perception (hearing)

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12
Q

What is psychoacoustic

A

A subset of psychophysics: FOCUS on sound and hearing .
Used in audiology,
Audio engineering
Speech synthesis
Hearing aid design

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13
Q

Basic principles of psychoacoustic: sound is processed by the ______ to lead to perception

A

Auditory system

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14
Q

Measuring _______ allows an understanding of auditory processing

A

Perception

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15
Q

To understand hearing we have to measure perception

A

True

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16
Q

Changes to sound changes what we ___

A

Hear

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17
Q

Acoustics and perception does not have a 1-1 mapping?

A

True

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18
Q

If we measure sound , can we also measure hearing from it?

A

NO

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19
Q

What happens if the auditory system changes within norms?

A

It changes how we hear and perception of sound

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20
Q

How do we measure perception ?

A

Psychoacoustics requires manipulating acoustic
signals (spectral and temporal characteristics)
– and measuring responses to those changes
– Connecting the acoustic changes to the
perceptual measurements allows inference of
auditory perceptual mechanisms

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21
Q

Changing sound and measuring the change of perception allows an ____________________

A

Understanding of auditory processing

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22
Q

What are the four common level of measurement of psychoacoustic ?

A

Detection
Discrimination
Identification
Comprehension

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23
Q

Describe detection

A

• Detection – often the absolute threshold, the lowest level of sound
that elicits a detection response
• Forms the basis of the audiogram

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24
Q

Describe discrimination

A

the just noticeable difference between sounds
• The just noticeable difference (JND)
• The difference limen (DL)
• Common: the JND for frequency, the JND for intensity, the JND for duration,

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25
Q

Describe identification

A

Usually measures percent correct
• Used for speech or musical recognition experiments
• Used in audiometric testing (e.g., word recognition “NU6”)

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26
Q

Describe comprehension

A

Comprehension – not typically used in psychoacoustics, but is
sometimes used in audiometric testing

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27
Q

What is sound ?

A

an oscillation of pressure, created by a
vibrating object, that is transmitted through some
medium composed of frequencies within the range of
hearing

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28
Q

Human ear can hear what range!

A

20-20,000hz!

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29
Q

Sound wave travels ______

A

Back and forth.
They do not travel themselves

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30
Q

What is compression/condensation

A

Molecules pushed together (positive amplitude )

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31
Q

What is rare fraction

A

Molecules in less pressure form (negative amplitude)

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32
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance between one compression an rare fraction

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33
Q

Does hearing consists of longitudinal or transverse wave?

A

Longitudinal wave!

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34
Q

P=14.7 describe the pressure of compression and rare fraction

A

Compression more than 14.7
Rare fraction less than 14.7

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35
Q

The speed of air is

A

343m/s at 20 degrees

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36
Q

What variables affect the speed of sound?

A

The medium and the temperature

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37
Q

What two types of materials affect speed of sound?

A

Elasticity and density

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38
Q

Does speed increase or decrease if density increases?

A

Decreases

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39
Q

Does speed increase or decrease if elasticity (stiffness) increases?

A

Increases

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40
Q

Does sound travel after in water?

A

Yes

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41
Q

Cycle

A

One complete oscillation

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42
Q

Frequency

A

per cycle per second

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43
Q

Period

A

Time of seconds per cycle

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44
Q

Amplitude

A

Maximum displacement, average displacement. Rms (root mean square)

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45
Q

Phase

A

portion of a cycle at a arbitrary point

46
Q

Rms is only true in sins wave?

A

True

47
Q

Rms is used to determine ?

A

Average Intensity (amplitude) in vibration

48
Q

Rms = peak *

A

0.707

49
Q

What is f = and p=

A

F= 1/p
P= 1/F

50
Q

What is a phase exactly?

A

Particular point in the cycle of a waveform within a 360 circle!

51
Q

Is a phase audible on simpler waves?

A

No!

52
Q

If two waves cancel each other out what is called?

A

Standing wave!

53
Q

What are pure tone waves called?

A

Sinusoidal

54
Q

If not pure tone , then it is a ______wave

A

Complex

55
Q

What shapes can sums of sin waves make?

A

Triangle and square figures

56
Q

Infinity numbers of sun waves can make _____

A

Sawtooth wave.

57
Q

How to convert Ms to s

A

Divide by 1000

58
Q

What is Fourier transform?

A

Any waveform can be decomposed into set of sine waves (with amplitude, frequency and phase)

59
Q

If the peak on a spectrum is given 5 what is the RMS?

A

RMS = 5*.707

60
Q

How does a waveform of harmonics look like on a spectrum

A

The combination of harmonics on a waveform to a spectrum are noted in Individual lines based on frequency and amplitude

61
Q

What does a Spectrogram axis consist of?

A

Time and frequency

62
Q

What the difference between wide and narrowband spectrogram?

A

Narrowband can see individual harmonics better. Wide band can see formats more clearer.

63
Q

Why does time matter in a waveform or spectra ?

A

Because when duration is longer, the better spectral resolution will be!!! Push button too fast will make a spectral splatter!!!

64
Q

The greater the vibration in amplitude, more force in the _____ and higher ______

A

Medium, pressure

65
Q

Example: 20-30db how much louder would it be?

A

10 times louder

66
Q

Example: 50-70db how much louder?

A

100 times louder!

67
Q

What was Craig butler record of sound?

A

181.1!!!!

68
Q

How do we scale decibels by what solution?

A

By log scale and ratio!

69
Q

What are two reasons for using log scale??

A
  1. More manageable to compress large numbers
  2. Fechner law- log fashion of perception relates to physical stimuli
70
Q

What is linear vs log scale. What do we use!

A

Log scale!! (10, 10^1, 10^2)
Linear (1,2,3,4 or 2,4,6)

71
Q

Why is decibels a relative measurement?

A

It is a relative measurement because decibeles are in a ratio scaling not a absolute measurement!!!

72
Q

How many bel is 10 decibels

A

1

73
Q

What is the DB IL equation?

A

10 * 10log 10(1m/1r)

74
Q

What is 60 HL vs SL

A

Hearing level- above the lowest point a person can hear
Sensation level- above the lowest that I can hear

75
Q

Intensity = to what?

A

Pressure^2 (easier to measure)

76
Q

How does the decibel scale relate to audiology? (3)

A

Relevant for perception
Based on human hearing
Compres scale

77
Q

In DB measurements, change in intensity is used in _____ and change in pressure is used in ____

A
  1. Audiogram
  2. Hearing aids
78
Q

What does 0dB mean?

A

Means that the intensity measurement and reference are equal to each other. Does not mean no sound. Basically a ratio of 1. Can have negative sound level!

79
Q

3 DB = double

A

Sound power!!! (Two things!)

80
Q

6DB = double

A

Sound pressure (distance!)

81
Q

10 dB= double loudness level?

A

True

82
Q

What is SIL

A

Sound intensity level - level of sound relative to a fixed standard

83
Q

What is SPL

A

Ratio of pressure amplitude to a reference pressure

84
Q

A pressure wave transmitted _____

A

Outwards in all direction, all the same distance from the point

85
Q

What is the most basic auditory stimuli?

A

Pure to e

86
Q

Pure tone is used to get frequency specific measurement

A

True! (One frequency and one amplitude in pure tone) (one button called)

87
Q

How do we make spectral changes by ?

A

If we make temporal changes in a frequency specific sound

88
Q

How to check the bandwidth to see spectral splatter?

A

2/distance

89
Q

How much does the outer ear amplify?

A

2000-3000hz

90
Q

Middle serves as ? And amplify?

A

Impedance matched between air and fluid within cochlea
800-1200hz

91
Q

How much does the OE and ME combine to amplify ?

A

30-40 db from 800-3000hz

92
Q

What happens if the OE occlude?

A

Diminish amount of amplification.

93
Q

Middle is stiffen?

A

Otitis media/otosclerois =low frequency loss!

94
Q

Mass increase in ME, what happens?

A

Otosclerois
Also high freq loss!

95
Q

In the inner ear, sound form a _______ wave

A

Traveling wave on the BM

96
Q

Three rows of OHC do what

A

Amplify vibration movement on BM
Damage alters amount and spread vibration on BM

97
Q

One row of inner hair cells do what

A

Send signal to higher auditory center (brain)
Damage alter integrity of signals to higher auditory center!

98
Q

Spontaneous rate Abv

A

SR

99
Q

Auditory nerve has three fiber types (type 1 95% and IHC)

A

True

100
Q

Low threshold has high SR and signal detection near threshold

A

Yes! True

101
Q

Middle threshold

A

Low medium SR

102
Q

High threshold

A

Low SR
Signal detection in noise

103
Q

What are two psychophysical method?

A

Thresholds -limits of sensitivity
Scaling: ordering and distributing stimuli along a perceptual dimension

104
Q

What is pychsometric function?

A

The relationship of signal of detection and percentage of correct identification 70-80%

105
Q

The yes or no task, describe

A

consists of an observation
interval and response interval
• observation interval: the time epoch in
which a subject listens for a stimulus
• defined – subjects knows when to listen
(e.g., indicated by lights)
• Or undefined – subject does not know
when to listen (e.g., random stimulus
presentation)
• response interval: the time epoch in
which a subject is expected to respond
• Subject says “yes I heard a sound” or “No
I did not hear a sound”
• Will be either correct or incorrect

106
Q

What are three ways to estimate threshold?

A

Constant stimuli
Limit
Adjustment

107
Q

What is constant stimuli, and it’s pro and cons

A

Different values, in random order of trials! Threshold at arbitrary performance level (50-100).
Randomly selected signal level
Repeat trail over and over and random level again and again
Récord percent correct or percent detection !

Pro:
Used to measure entire pm fuction
Used preset signal level
Easy to administer

Cons:
Time consuming!
Preset finding not always easy!

108
Q

Method of limits describe cons and pros

A

Level where you THINK they can hear and lower and lower and lower!
Then no, go up until audible

Has possible anticipation effects.
No-> increase signal
Yes-> decrease signal

Effective pro! At small number of trails! B/c concentrated around threshold.
No need to know threshold with designing experiment

Cons
Spurious threshold may be obtain (fake!) (could say yes just because)

109
Q

Adjustment

A

Basically the subject hold down a button until they can hear a sound. Very easy to fake! Called Bekesey tracking

Pros
Super easy
Appealing

Cons:
False readings

110
Q

Modified method of limits does what

A

Combine ascending and descending trails of method of limits . Modified huggson west lake !

10db-5db up
2/3 responses
85-95%

111
Q

Adaptive staircase works how?

A

2 down, 1 up. Or 3 down 1 up
Based on average reserval
71%

Psychoacoustics (1 decks)

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