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PSYCO 104 > PSYCO Midterm 2 > Flashcards

PSYCO Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Reaction Range

A

Genetically influenced limits in which environmental factors can effect an organism

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2
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Discipline which applies Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection to human and non-human animal behaviour

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3
Q

Criticisms of Evolutionary Psychology

A
  • Many claims of Evolutionary Psychology is not testable or falsifiable
  • Relies on many assumptions of early humans which we have limited knowledge about
  • Multiple evolutionary explanations are often possible and can conform to to any finding
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4
Q

Sensation

A

The process stimuli are detected, transduced into nerve impulses, and sent to the brain.

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5
Q

Perception

A

What the brain interprets from raw sensory inputs

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6
Q

Transduction

A

The process of converting an external energy or substance into electrical activity within neurons

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7
Q

Sense Receptor

A

Specialized cell responsible for converting external stimuli into neural activity for a specific sensory system

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8
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A
  • Activation is greatest when stimulus is first detected, and then declines in responsiveness over time
  • Also called neural adaptation
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9
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their physical characteristics

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10
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Lowest level of stimulus needed for the nerbous system to detect a change 50 percent of the time

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11
Q

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

A

Smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we can detect

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12
Q

Weber’s Law

A

JND = K x I
I = Intensity of the stimukus
K = Constant
There is a constant proportional relationship between the JND and original stimulus intensity.

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13
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Accuracy = Number of Correct Responses/Number of Attempts
(Was Waldo in the image?
Did you say he was?)
(Four possibilities)
Increased sensitivity to the signal causes hits and correct rejections to occur more often
Decreased sensitivity to the signal causes misses and false alarms to occur more often.
Differences in sensitivity are measured with a statistic called d’ (d prime)
- A measure of the stimulus’ salience
- Increases in d’ represents improved detection
- Plotted using ROC curves (Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves)

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14
Q

Signal to noise ratio

A

SNR = Psignal/Pnoise
The ratio of the power of a signal to the power of background noise.
Signal = Stimulus to be perceived
Noise = Everything else

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15
Q

What are perceptions determined by

A
  1. What is currently in the sensory field
  2. What was in the sensory field a moment ago
  3. What we have experienced in the past
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16
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Ability to attend to many sense modalities simultaneously.

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17
Q

Bottom Up Processing

A

Processing in which a whole is constructed from parts

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18
Q

Top-down Processing

A

Conceptually driven processing influenced by beliefs and prior learning

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19
Q

Perceptual Set

A

A set formed when expectations influence perceptions

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20
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

The process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions

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21
Q

Disclaimer for perceptual sets and constancy

A

These are just concepts which descrive patterns of behaviour in relation to sets of stimuli. They do not provide an explanation for that pattern of behaviour.

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22
Q

Selective Attention

A

The process of selecting one sensory channel and ingnoring or minimizing others. (Assumed to be controls by the reticular activating system (RAS) and higher cortical regions)

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23
Q

Filter Theory of Attention

A

Attention is a “bottle neck” through which information passes

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24
Q

Dichotic Listening

A

a research design in which subjects have a message delivered to each ear independently through headphones. Both messages are delivered simultaneously, but only the attended ear’s message is able to be accurately recalled.

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25
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Failure to detect stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is focused elsewhere

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26
Q

Change Blindness

A

Failure to detect changes in a visual stimulus

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27
Q

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

A

Perception of events outside the known channels of sensation

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28
Q

Precognition

A

Predicting events before they occur through paranormal means

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29
Q

Telepathy

A

Reading other people’s minds

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30
Q

Clairvoyance

A

Detecting the presence of objects or people hidden from view

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31
Q

Why people believe in ESP

A
  • Illusory Correlations

- People underestimate the frequency of coincidences

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32
Q

The Birthday Problem

A

How large must a group of people be before the probability of two people sharing the same birthday exceeds 50%?

23 people

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33
Q

Visible Light

A

Electromagnetic radiation between 400 and 700 nanometers

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34
Q

Hue

A

The colour of light

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35
Q

The Cornea

A

Part of the eye containing transparent cells that focus light on the retina

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36
Q

Myopia (nearsightedness)

A

Cornea is too long causing the focus of the light to occur in front of the retina

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37
Q

Hyperopia (farsightedness)

A

Cornea is too flat causing the focus of the light to occur behind the retina

38
Q

The Lens

A

Part of the eye that changes curvature to keep images in focus.
Contains transparent cells

39
Q

Accomodation

A

Changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects near or far

40
Q

The Retina

A

Membrane at the back of the eye responsible for converting light into neural activity

41
Q

Rods

A

Photoreceptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in low levels of light. About 92 million per eye

42
Q

Dark Adaptation

A

Time in dark before rods regain maximum light sensitivity

43
Q

Cones

A

Photoreceptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in colour. About 6-7 million per eye

44
Q

Photopigments

A

Protein molecules within the rods and cones whose chemical chemical reactions when absorbing light result in nerve impulses being generated

45
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Nerve (technically a bundle of ganglion cell’s axons) that travels from the retina to the brain

46
Q

Blind Spot

A

Part of the visual field we can’t see because of an absence of rods and cones.

47
Q

Shape and Contour

A

Hubel and Wiesel recorded electrical activity of V1 area of visual cortex in cats. They discovered feature detector cells.
In later levels of visual processing, cells begin to detect more complex shapes and movements

48
Q

Feature Detector Cells

A

Cells that detect lines and edges

49
Q

The Principles of Gestalt Psychology

A

A German school of psychology that emphasized the natural organization of perceptual elements into wholes or patterns.
Gestalt = whole
Psychology should be focused on how the “whole” is created from its basic parts
Main Figures:
- Max Wetheimer
- Wolfgang Kohler
- Kurt Koffka

50
Q

Proximity

A

Objects physically close to each other tend to be perceived as unified wholes

51
Q

Similarity

A

Similar objects will be seen as being grouped together or related

52
Q

Continuity

A

We perceive lines as continuous movement while discounting abrupt changes
Also known as good continuation

53
Q

Closure

A

The tendency to view incomplete figures or forms as complete objects

54
Q

Symmetry

A

Symmetrically arranged objects are perceived as wholes

55
Q

Figure-ground Segregation

A

The tendency to separate elements of an image into a foreground (figure) and background (ground)

56
Q

Colour - Trichromatic Theory

A

The idea that colour vision is based on our sensitivity to the three primary colours
Fits with later findings that three types of cone cells are present that respond maximally at different wavelengths
- Short
- Medium
- Long
Relies on additive colour mixing
Can’t account for afterimages

57
Q

Colour - Opponent Process Theory

A

Theory that we perceive colours in terms of three pairs of opponent colours.

  • red or green
  • blue or yellow
  • black or white
58
Q

Colour Blindness

A

Inability to see some or all colours
Usually due to genetic abnormalities that cause the absence/reduction in a specific cone typ
Brain damage to cortical areas responsible for vision can also produce colour blindness

59
Q

Monochromats

A

Have only one type of cone (very rare = 0.0007% of the population

60
Q

Dichromats

A

have two types of cone

61
Q

Depth Perception

A

Ability to judge distance and three-dimensional relations

62
Q

Monocular Cues

A

Stimuli that enable us to judge depth using only one eye

63
Q

Binocular Cues

A

Stimuli that enable us to judge depth using both eyes

64
Q

Monocular Cues - Relative Size

A

All things being equal, more distant objects look smaller

65
Q

Monocular Cues - Texture Gradient

A

The texture of objects become less aparent as objects move farther away

66
Q

Monocular Cues - Interposition

A

Close objects block the view of distant objects

67
Q

Monocular Cues - Linear Perspective

A

The outlines of objects converge as distance increases

68
Q

Monocular Cues - Height in plane

A

Distant objects tend to appear higher, and nearer objects appear lower

69
Q

Monocular Cues - Light and Shadow

A

The casting of shadows gives objects a 3-D form

70
Q

Monocular Cues - Motion Parallax

A

When objects moving across a field of view appear to move more/faster the closer they are to an observer

71
Q

Binocular Cues - Binocular Disparity

A

Depth information is obtained by comparing the difference in image location of the left and right eyes

72
Q

Binocular Cues - Binocular Convergence

A

The degree to which your eyes converge inward provides information to estimate distance

73
Q

Hypnosis

A

Set of techniques that suggest alterations in behaviour, perceptions, feelings, and thoughts.
People are chosen to be hypnotized based on their suggestibility, they are not hypnotized to be more suggestable.

  • Cannot make people do things they don’t want to.
74
Q

Regression Therapy

A

Hypnotizing people to get them to remember events from their childhood (where their psych problems originated)
Problems:
Reports of age-regressed individuals often cannot be corroborated by individuals present at the time
Poggendorf Illusion
EEG responses

75
Q

Past-Life Regression Therapy

A

People are regressed to remember events from a past life.
Problems:
Claims of regressed individuals often prove false when fact-checked
Ability to be regressed to a past-life is dependent on a belief in reincarnation

76
Q

Psychoactive Drug

A 
Substance that contains chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains that alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons.
Alter how we think, feel, and act
Effects of the drug depends on:
Type
Dose
77
Q

Types of Drugs

A

Depressants
Stimulants
Opiates
Psychedelics

78
Q

Depressants

A

Alcohol, barbiturates, Quaaludes, Valium

Decreased activity of the central nervous system (initial high is followed by sleepiness, slower thinking, and impaired concentration)

79
Q

Stimulants

A

Tobacco, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines

Increased activity of the central nervous system, sense of alertness, well-being, energy

80
Q

Opiates

A

Heroin, morphine, codeine

Sense of euphoria, decreased pain

81
Q

Psychedelics

A

Marijuana, LSD, Ecstasy

Dramatically altered perception, mood, and thoughts

82
Q

Ocular delivery

A

Drops, bioadhesives

83
Q

Buccal delivery

A

Mucoadhesive, spray

84
Q

Sublingual delivery

A

Tablets

85
Q

Oral delivery

A

Capsule, pill

86
Q

Intravenous delivery

A

Injection

87
Q

Intramuscular delivery

A

Depot

88
Q

Subcutaneous delivery

A

Depot, implant

89
Q

Transdermal delivery

A

Patch, cream, spray

90
Q

Pulmonary/Nasal delivery

A

Aerosol, spray

91
Q

Vaginal/rectal delivery

A

Gel, suppository

92
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

A physiological mechanism that alters the permeability of brain capillaries, so that some substances, such as certains drugs, are prevented

PSYCO 104 (1 decks)

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