PSYCHSOC fls Flashcards
(31 cards)
Serial position efffect _______
The serial position effect refers to improved memory for words at the beginning and at the end of a list. The visuospatial sketchpad is proposed as a subcomponent of working memory.
Depth of processing
Depth of processing refers to the type of attention applied to words during encoding.
Spreading activation
Spreading activation model means people organize their knowledge of the world based on their personal experience, which is saying those personal experiences form the network of ideas that is the person’s knowledge of the world.
Primacy effect
The primacy effect refers to improved recall for words at the beginning of the list. Interference refers to irrelevant information interfering with recall
The recency effect
better recall for the items at the end of the list
Interference effect
Interference is a memory phenomenon in which some memories interfere with the retrieval of other memories. Essentially, interference occurs when some information makes it difficult to recall similar material. Similar memories compete, causing some to be more difficult to remember or even forgotten entirely.
Sensory short term vs long term memory
The information is processed through sensory, short-term and long-term memory systems in the following ways: … It registers information from each of the senses with a reasonable accuracy. (ii) Short-term Memory − It refers to the system that holds small amount of information for a brief period of time. Short-term memory lasts for a very brief time and can only hold 7 +/- 2 pieces of information at once. Long-term storage can hold an indefinitely large amount of information and can last for a very long time. Implicit and explicit memories are two different types of long-term memory.
Proactive interference
requires information, previously stored in long term memory, which can impede the learning of new information. Proactive interference involves the interference of information from long term memory with new information.
Social reproduction
social reproduction, which refers to the perpetuation of inequalities through social institutions (such as education or the economy).
Meritocracy
meritocracy (reward according to individual talent or effort) was involved.
Inter generational mobility
movement within or between social classes and occupations, the change occurring from one generation to the next.
Locus of control (external vs internal) concept of “self-identity”
internal locus of control (attributing an outcome or behavior to a personal trait). external locus of control (attributing an outcome or behavior to the situation or something else outside of the individual).
Institutional discrimination
refers to treatment stemming from institutional culture or policies (rather than individual action).
Cultural relativism
Cultural relativism is the evaluation of another culture based on that culture’s standards, which is not relevant for the statement in the passage.
Social stratification
Social stratification refers to the objective hierarchy in a society, and often more specifically addresses the class-based hierarchy.
Confirmation bias
Confirmation bias is the tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs. It can involve biases in the search for evidence and in the interpretation of evidence. Confirmation bias has also been found to be stronger for emotionally charged topics.
Group polarization
when people who are in agreement with each other discuss an issue, their views get more extreme.
Conflict theory perspective
The conflict theory perspective emphasizes social relations of capital, power, and status as the driving forces in society
Anomie
Anomie refers to a lack of social norms, which leads to a breakdown in the connection between an individual and their community.
A.Spearman’s idea of general intelligence
B.Gardner’s idea of eight intelligences
C.Galton’s idea of hereditary genius
D.Binet’s idea of mental age
A. Those who hold this view believe that intelligence can be measured and expressed by a single number, such as an IQ score. The idea is that this underlying general intelligence influences performance on all cognitive tasks.
B.Gardner’s suggestion that people have different types of intelligences. The theory of multiple intelligences proposes the differentiation of human intelligence into specific “modalities of intelligence”, rather than defining intelligence as a single, general ability. Linguistic, Logical/Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalist.
C. system of arranged marriages between men of distinction and women of wealth would eventually produce a gifted race. In 1865 the basic laws of heredity were discovered by the father of modern genetics
D. concept of mental age, or a measure of intelligence based on the average abilities of children of a certain age group.
A.Operant conditioning
B.Classical conditioning
C.Observational learning
D.Latent learning
A.Operant conditioning= Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. It is also a procedure that is used to bring about such learning.
B.Classical conditioning= a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
C.Observational learning= method of learning that consists of observing and modeling another individual’s behavior, attitudes, or emotional expressions.
D.Latent learning= Latent learning is the subconscious retention of information without reinforcement or motivation. In latent learning,
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
Level 1: preconventional morality
Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation. The child/individual is good in order to avoid being punished. If a person is punished, they must have done wrong.
• Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange. At this stage, children recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by the authorities. Different individuals have different viewpoints.
Level 2: conventional morality
- Stage 3. Good Interpersonal Relationships. The child/individual is good in order to be seen as being a good person by others. Therefore, answers relate to the approval of others.
- Stage 4. Maintaining the Social Order. The child/individual becomes aware of the wider rules of society, so judgments concern obeying the rules in order to uphold the law and to avoid guilt.
Level 3:post conventional morality
Stage 5. Social Contract and Individual Rights. The child/individual becomes aware that while rules/laws might exist for the good of the greatest number, there are times when they will work against the interest of particular individuals.
The issues are not always clear-cut. For example, in Heinz’s dilemma, the protection of life is more important than breaking the law against stealing.
• Stage 6. Universal Principles. People at this stage have developed their own set of moral guidelines which may or may not fit the law. The principles apply to everyone.
E.g., human rights, justice, and equality. The person will be prepared to act to defend these principles even if it means going against the rest of society in the process and having to pay the consequences of disapproval and or imprisonment. Kohlberg doubted few people reached this stage.
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor Birth to 18–24 months old -Object permanence
Preoperational 2 to 7 years old -Symbolic thought
Concrete operational 7 to 11 years old -Operational thought
Formal operational Adolescence to adulthood -Abstract concept
World system theory
global inequalities in terms of core nations (more economically developed with strong governments and institutions) and periphery nations (less economically developed with weak governments and institutions).
