Psychotherapy Flashcards
What are six different theoretical orientations mentioned?
- Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
- Interpersonal
- Family
- BEHAVIORAL
- COGNITIVE
- COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL
Some common factors among the different theoretical orientations?
- Expectation (by seeking help, one will CHANGE)
- Hawthorne effect (improve due to receiving attention)
- Therapeutic RELATIONSHIP/alliance (important, but relative importance varies according to theory, e.g. BEHAVIORISM < cognitive < CBT < psychoanalytic)
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For psychoanalysis/psychodynamic: what is this based on, aims, techniques, therapy types, Treatment for;
- Notion that UNCONSCIOUS conflicts are REPRESSED and can cause difficulty (INSIGHT-oriented)
- Aims: help make the unconscious conscious; understand the conflicts/behaviors
- Techniques: free association (think someone on a couch and talks to therapist, while therapist mostly listens, interprets, offers insight), analysis of transference (how does patient react to you, vs COUNTERTRANSFERENCE which is how I would then react to patient), analysis of resistance (understand how patient might respond to you), dream interpretation (FAAD)
- Analysis is LONG-TERM therapy (multiple meetings/week, usually over several years), while shorter, TIME-LIMITED DYNAMIC therapy focuses on the present
- Treat: depression, anxiety, some personality disorders (PAD)
Interpersonal theory is based on….; aim; what problems are you dealing with? what is therapy like? Treats what?
idea that problematic ATTACHMENTS EARLY IN LIFE will predispose one to develop disorders that are expressed through troubled interpersonal relationships in the present ;
Aim: correct INTERPERSONAL difficulties;
Interpersonal problems: loss and grief, role disputes, role transitions (graduate, move onto residency), interpersonal deficits (no social skills);
Think SHORT TERM (12-16 sessions) and focus on CURRENT relationships;
Treat: depression, eating disorders
Family systems theory is based on…; aim; techniques; treats what?
notion tthat identified patient reflects dysfunction in WHOLE FAMILY SYSTEM;
help improve family’s relational health; treating WHOLE FAMILY;
normalizing boundaries (parent lives vicariously through child) and redefining blame (not just child’s fault, but whole family) think TIGER and MEG Griffin;
Treats children with ID’d behavior problems, families dealing with conflict, and teenagers with eating disorders or substance abuse
Think GTA V scene!!
Group therapies: treats, based on, what else?
- Used to treat people with common experiences, a particular disorder, or interpersonal difficulties (
- Allows members to learn skills, discuss own feelings, as well as provide feedback and support to others (10 people in a group vs. 10 separate sessions)
- Therapist usually FACILITATOR, usually around 8 people and meet weekly, often TIME-LIMITED
Behavioral: based on, aim, techniques, used to treat what?
- Learning theory
- Relieve symptoms by unlearning maladaptive behaviors
- Based on classical and operant conditioning (systematic desens, aversive conditioning, flooding/implosion, token economy, so think BIG BANG THEORY) SF plays at AT&t park!!
- Phobias (systematic desens, flooding); depression (behavioral activation); autism spectrum disorders (applied behavior analysis/token economy); psychotic disorder (token economy)
List phase 1, 2, and 3 of classical conditioning
- before conditioning has occurred (UCS, or meat powder leads to UCR, or salivation; also present neutral stimulus, a tone, leading to ORIENTING response)
- Process of conditioning (neutral stimulus comes FIRST, then UCS, or meat powder; followed by UCR with salivation)
- After conditioning has occurred (CONDITIONED stimulus, the TONE, followed by the CONDITIONED response, or salivation)
Describe the graph of change over time in the strength of the conditioned response:
Trials (time) on x axis, and strength of conditioned response on y axis (acquisition first with CS and UCS paired); then extinction is when UCS is withheld and you see strength of CR go down;
with TIME DELAY, you can get a CR that has less strength than peak of acquisition, but if you withhold the UCS and just have CS, there would be the SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY but eventually extinction
What is stimulus generalization?
Person generalizes response to things that are SIMILAR to the original TONE, but not the EXACT tone (phobia could potentially become AGORAphobia)
Stimulus discrimination is
learning to differentiate among different stimuli (complements stimulus generalization)
What are some applications of classical conditioning?
With stimulus generalization, can have development of intense, irrational fears of objects or situations, ie phobias;
SYSTEMIC DESENS uses classical conditioning to treat fears (ie HABITUATION, where you become accustomed to something and respond less to it, and systematic means we go step-wise, like seeing a picture of a clown, then a more aggressive clown, go to circus, then watch actual movie of clown) ADDICTIONS treatment (think Ant abuse, where you condition alcoholic to think alcohol is NAUSEOUS)
Basic of operant conditioning, and examples
Reinforcer: a stimulus event that increases probability that operant behavior will occur again:
- positive: stimulus that STRENGTHENS the response if it follows that response (put coins into slot machine, get some money, keep putting coins into slot machine)
- negative: an UNPLEASANT stimulus that, if REMOVED, would strengthen the response that removes the stimulus (in middle of boring date, you say you have headache, date ends early, use same tactic in future!!)
A couple facts on delay and size of reinforcement:
- Effect of a reinforcer is STRONGER when it comes soon after a response occurs (give kid high-five right away for doing good deed)
- Generally, the LARGER the reinforcer, the more VIGOROUS the behavior (if more money, you will study harder for exam)
List the schedules of reinforcement:
- Continuous reinforcement schedule: reinforcer is delivered every time a particular response occurs (unrealistic)
- Partial or Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule (reinforcement is given only SOME of the time)
a. Fixed ratio (fixed number of responses needed for reinforcement, like meeting a quota!!)
b. Variable ratio (number of responses required for reinforcement varies, so think CASINOS where you could win on third try or 19th try, but every 10 tries on average there will be reinforcement)
c. Fixed Interval (fixed set of time must elapse before next opportunity for reinforcement, like PAYCHECK)
d. Variable interval (time interval that must elapse before next opportunity for reinforcement varies)
