Psychotherapies Flashcards
Behavioral Approaches
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- Modeling and Observational Learning
Classical Conditioning
Explains peoples seemingly irrational responses to a host of neutral stimuli
ex: Pavlolv’s dog
Operant Conditioning
Shaping behaviors by rewarding desired behaviors and punishing undesired behaviors
- Continuous reinforcement schedule
- Partial reinforcement schedule
- Extinction
- Conditioned avoidance response
Modeling and Observational Learning
Modeling – new behavior learned from imitating someone else deemed important
Observational – observes rewards & punishments another person receives and behaves accordingly
Behavioral Change Techniques
- Aversion therapy
- Relaxation exercises
- Distraction techniques
- Flooding
- Systematic desensitization
- Response shaping through operant conditioning
- Behavioral contracting
- Modeling and observational learning
Aversion therapy
Makes situation or stimulus that was once reinforcing no longer reinforcing
Relaxation exercises
helps individual voluntarily control physiological manifestations of anxiety
Distraction techniques
Temporarily distract from anxiety producing environment
Divert attention from physiological manifestations of anxiety
Flooding
Exposes individual to the dreaded or feared stimulus while preventing avoidant behavior
Systematic desensitization
Pairs the implementation of relaxation techniques with hierarchical exposure to the aversive stimulus
Response shaping through operant conditioning
Pairs rewards with desired behaviors
Behavioral contracting
Provides rewards for reaching proximal goals
Cognitive Theory definition
Argue that cognition is shaped by behavior and emotions
Cognition = thoughts or beliefs
Goal = identify and challenge negative thoughts and dysfunctional belief systems
ex: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy –> reshape thinking
Goal of Cognitive Therapy
Help client identify their irrational and maladaptive thoughts … teach them to challenge these thoughts & consider alternative ways of thinking…replace thoughts/refocus them in a positive way
Encourage clients to face their worst fears about a situation and recognize ways they could cope
Psychodynamic Therapy Approach
All behaviors, thoughts, and emotions are impacted by unconscious processes
Freud
2 drives of behavior –> sex & aggression
Regulators –> Id, Ego, Superego
Repression –> push back material that made it into consciousness to decrease anxiety – defense mechanism
Psychodynamic Id, Ego, and Superego
Id – immediate gratification; innate desires like hunger
Ego- Seeking gratification – I will seek out food
Superego- moral standards – You can’t right now because we are taking a test…
Most common defense mechanism
Denial - refusing to perceive or accept reality
Regression - defense mechanism
Retreating to a behavior an earlier developmental period to prevent anxiety and satisfy current needs
Rationalization - defense mechanism
Inventing an acceptable motive to explain unacceptable behavior
ex: Soldier kills innocent people but rationalizes he was following orders
Projection- defense mechanism
Attributing one’s own unacceptable motives or desires on someone else
ex: Husband who is sexually attracted to a colleague accuses his wife of cheating on him
Reaction formation - defense mechanism
Adopting a set of attitudes and behaviors that are the opposite of one’s true dispositions
ex: Man who cannot accept his own homosexuality becomes extremely homophobic
Sublimation - defense mechanism
Translating wishes and needs into socially acceptable behavior
ex: An adolescent with strong aggressive impulses trains to be a boxer
Family Systems Approach
Views family as a complex interpersonal system with its own hierarchy and rules that govern family members behavior
Individuals problems are rooted in interpersonal family system
What are the “rules” that govern the house/relationships?
Third Wave Approaches
Focuses on people’s ability to understand and regulate their emotions
Includes techniques from behavioral, cognitive, mindfulness and acceptance
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy
- Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
- Behavior Activation
Dialectical behavior therapy
Difficulties in managing negative emotions & in controlling impulsive behaviors
Helpful for borderline personality disorder & bipolar
Behavior Activation
A value driven lifestyle evidenced by value-driven behaviors improves mental health
